Oviposition of carrot fly (Psila rosae) in response to foliage and leaf surface extracts of host plants

Summary. Foliage of twelve host and two non-host species and surrogate leaves treated with the respective leaf extracts were presented to laboratory populations of the carrot fly (Psila rosae) in oviposition choice assays. The stimulatory activity of dichloromethane surface extracts and the diethyl ether fraction of hot water extracts did not reflect accurately the differences in acceptability observed among intact leaves. A better correlation was found using hexane extracts prepared in a microwave oven. Two out of five fractions of this crude hexane extract obtained by silica gel column chromatography stimulated oviposition. The diethyl ether fraction, which contained the previously identified oviposition stimulants (propenylbenzenes, furanocoumarins, polyacetylenes), could account for only a minor part of the variation in the acceptability of host leaves. The preference hierarchy for intact leaves corresponded better to the ranking of species according to activity of the methanolic fraction, which apparently contains unknown stimulatory compounds.? The water fractions of the hot water extracts were shown to reduce egg-laying underneath surrogate leaves treated with a stimulatory extract. This oviposition-deterring effect was particularly strong with the non-preferred species Pimpinella major, which is also highly resistant in the field. Hence, unidentified inhibitory compounds may also contribute to differential accept ability of host plants. It is concluded that antixenotic (non-preference) resistance of host plants to carrot fly attack depends on complex mixtures of semiochemicals. Received 11 June 1997; accepted 26 November 1997.     

The Impact of Urbanization and Protection of Water Resources in Owerri and Environs SE, Nigeria

Untreated sewage and agriculture are the most important sources of contamination. The study was carried out by conducting a short-term surface water and groundwater pollution survey of the Owerri Urban area and its environs, in order to establish the current levels of pollution. An attempt has been made to show the relationships between pollution levels, population density, industrial and agricultural activities. The spatial distribution of pollutants due to a poor land use system and to human activities was investigated. This emphasises integrated planned development as a preventive measure for arresting pollution levels in fast growing urban centres. The total groundwater stored in the area amounts to 7.87 × 10⁹ m³. Twenty five percent of this is released as base flow into the adjacent rivers (Otamiri and Nworie). The annual groundwater recharge is 3.4 × 10⁹ m³. The enormous volume of groundwater stored and the comparatively low cost of development makes groundwater an excellent alternative supply source for the area (Uma et al., 1984).     

乌鲁木齐城市地表温度时空变化与贡献度研究

伴随着新疆首府乌鲁木齐市经济快速发展,人口持续增加、城市化进程不断加快,地表温度也发生极其显著的变化.以乌鲁木齐市中心城区为研究对象,利用1990—2018年的4期Landsat卫星影像和中国科学院土地利用/覆被分类数据,采用地表温度反演、重心转移模型、空间聚类分析以及计算贡献度指数等方法,定量研究乌鲁木齐市城市化进程...     

活性炭纤维复合材料的脱硫性能

本实验以粘胶基活性炭纤维和酚醛树脂复合,制备出了一种可用于烟气脱硫的活性炭纤维复合材料（ACFM）,考察了制备工艺条件对脱硫性能和比表面积的影响,测试其在填充床的压降。结果表明：粘结剂用量、炭化及活化条件对样品的脱硫性能和比表面积有较大的影响;与其他活性炭材料相比ACFM压降相对较低,只有活性炭纤维的1／20。     

几何法测定生物栅中美人蕉根系面积

设计了1种测定生物栅中水生植物根系面积的方法.通过分别测定美人蕉(Canna indica)3级根平均直径和2级根平均直径计算得到植物根系总面积.这种方法比常用的不分级测定植物根系直径及表面积的方法准确度高1个数量级,可以应用于大根系植物的根系测定.研究结果表明,生物栅装置中美人蕉根系总面积39.4 m2,3级根系面积是2级根系的22.2倍,而体积比接近2:1,3级根和2级根平均直径比小于1:10.应用生物栅技术处理富营养化水体时,表面积占绝对优势的3级根系在对氮、磷等元素的吸收,作为微生物附着的重要载体及加强植物与填料的固着能力,改善根系与填料的空间结构等方面起重要作用.     

吹扫捕集—气相色谱法测定水中的吡啶

吹扫捕集—气相色谱法能很好地满足地表水、废水中吡啶的分析要求,具有前处理简单、对设备要求低、抗干扰能力强的优点,且有良好的线性关系,相关系数达到0.999以上,相对标准偏差为1.3%~4.1%,加标回收率为80.1%~99.7%,方法检出限为0.015 mg/L。     

碱液预处理玉米秸秆的条件优化及添加剂的选择

利用稀NaOH溶液预处理玉米秸秆,以去除木质素,减少半纤维素、纤维素的损失为目的,采用响应曲面法对预处理条件进行优化,得到的最佳预处理条件为:NaOH溶液浓度0.77%(w/w),预处理时间16 h,温度45.6℃。并且,进一步研究了不同添加剂(聚乙二醇、吐温-80和尿素)与NaOH溶液协同作用下秸秆中木质素的去除效果,结果表明尿素与NaOH的混合溶液对木质素去除效果最显著。秸秆在45.6℃,0.77%NaOH和0.2%尿素混合溶液中浸泡16 h后,纤维素回收率为86.33%,半纤维素回收率为69.89%,木质素去除率为64.93%;与原秸秆相比,纤维素含量提高了31.70%,半纤维素含量提高了6.62%,木质素含量减少了46.48%。     

散堆填料对海水脱硫吸收系统性能影响的实验研究

在海水烟气脱硫中试实验台上进行了填料形式、填料高度变化对脱硫效率和系统压降影响规律的实验研究;研究中将喷淋空塔和分别填装A型、B型、C型3种填料的吸收塔进行了综合性能对比,并进行了填料高度分别为0.6、1.2和1.8 m的对比实验。结果表明,填料塔的脱硫效率高于喷淋空塔;当空塔气速为3 m/s时,填装C型填料的吸收塔的综合性能最优;当空塔气速小于2.5 m/s时,填装A型填料的吸收塔的综合性能最优;在满足相同脱硫效率的指标下,虽然增加填料高度降低了海水喷淋量,并且系统压降出现一定比例下降,但是在工程设计中必须综合考虑塔高、填料支架载荷等因素选择合适的填料堆积高度。     

融合LRT的Bootstrap区间估计同质点识别方法研究

针对传统同质点探测方法检验效率低以及在地物区分度不明显地区探测结果包含过多异质点的问题,提出融合似然比检验(LRT)与Bootstrap区间估计的同质点探测方法,通过模拟和实验对该方法进行验证,并对鄂尔多斯某煤矿地表形变进行探测和验证。研究结果表明：相比于传统方法,融合似然比检验(LRT)与Bootstrap区间估计的同质点探测方法具有较高的拒绝率和稳定的拒绝率标准差,比较适合地物区分度不明显的野外矿区同质点探测;在实验矿区发现1处明显下沉,最大累计沉降为-128.9 mm,通过与实测水准比较,发现实测水准结果与基于本文方法的DS-InSAR结果基本一致,2者均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为14.4,12.0 mm。研究结果可实现对矿区的非接触、大范围、长时间监测,为DS-InSAR中同质点选取提供新思路。     

喀斯特坡地地表径流系数监测初报

通过对喀斯特坡地6种不同土地利用条件下径流小区的地表径流和植被穿透雨量以及地下水出口水位变化进行野外定点连续观测研究,结果表明,6个径流小区地表径流系数均非常小,介于0.01%~12.81%。显然,喀斯特坡地的地表径流易于入渗转化为地下径流。受人为活动影响较大的径流小区,地表径流系数随降雨量的变化呈指数函数型变化特征,容易产生地表径流系数的突变式增长。