褐煤对苯酚的吸附性能及机制研究

酚类废水是一种有毒且排放量较大的有机废水,排放之前必须进行有效处理。以污染物苯酚为研究对象,褐煤为吸附剂,基于实验室小试,在正交试验的指导下,采用振荡平衡法研究了褐煤对苯酚的吸附效果,确定了褐煤用量、振荡吸附时间、温度、pH值对苯酚模拟废水吸附效果的影响。结果表明:在褐煤用量为10 g、振荡时间为1.5 h、温度为25℃、pH值为6的条件下,对100 mL质量浓度为100 mg/L的苯酚模拟废水处理效果最佳,苯酚的去除率可达70.86%。在最佳吸附条件下,一方面结合吸附苯酚前后褐煤比表面积及孔隙结构的变化进行分析,另一方面利用FT-IR对褐煤吸附苯酚前后表面官能团的变化进行了对比分析。褐煤内部孔隙发达,存在多类孔,以50 A以下的孔居多数,表明其微孔结构较复杂,且吸附行为致使孔隙面积缩小至近1/3,微孔减少明显,表明微孔对吸附过程影响很大;褐煤表面含有丰富的含氧官能团,为吸附苯酚提供了条件,在吸附苯酚的过程中物理吸附与化学吸附同时存在,褐煤主要表面宫能团—COOH、酚羟基及苯环结构骨架在化学吸附苯酚方面发挥着重要作用。这两方面从微观角度很好地解释了褐煤的吸附机理。     

An Application of the T‐TEL Assessment Method to Evaluate Connectivity in a Lake‐Dominated Watershed after Drought

Lakes are landscape features that influence connectivity of mass and energy by being foci for the reception, mixing, and provision of water and material. Where lake fractions are high, they influence hydrological connectivity. This behavior was exemplified in the Baker Creek watershed in Canada's Northwest Territories during a two‐year drought in which many lake levels declined below outlet elevations. This study evaluated how lakes controlled surface runoff connectivity reestablishment following the drought using a new assessment method, T‐TEL (time scales — thresholds, excesses, losses). Analysis of daily data showed that during a summer period following the drought, connectivity occurred between 0% and 41% of the time. The size of run‐of‐the‐river lakes relative to their upstream watershed area, and the upstream lake fraction, are two factors for connectivity. These terms represent a lake's ability to control the size of storage deficits relative to rainfall, and evaporation and storage losses along pathways. The connectivity magnitude–duration curve only aligned with the watershed flow duration curve during high‐water conditions, implying lakes functioned as individuals rather than as part of a perennial watercourse during much of the study. The T‐TEL method can be used to quantify consistent metrics of hydrologic connectivity that can be used for regionalization exercises and understanding hydrologic controls on material transport.     

Drivers of Interbasin Transfers in the United States: Insights from Sampling

Interbasin transfers (IBTs) are manmade transfers of water that cross basin boundaries. In an analysis of 2016 data, this work identified 2,161 reaches crossing United States (U.S.) Geological Survey hydrologic unit code 6 boundaries in the U.S. The objectives of this study were to characterize and classify IBTs, and examine the development drivers for a subset of 109 (~5%) of the IBT reaches through examination of samples from different climate regions of the U.S. The IBTs were classified as being near irrigated agricultural lands, near cities, or rural IBTs not near cities or irrigated land. IBTs near both cities and irrigated agricultural land were designated as city + irrigated agriculture. The 109 samples were selected, based on approximate proportional distribution to the total number of IBTs within each climate region, with representation of areas having a high density of IBTs. Analysis of the samples revealed that in the U.S., there have been four major drivers for basin transfers: irrigation for agriculture, municipal and industrial water supply, commercial shipping or navigation, and drainage or flood management. The most common has been drainage or flood management, though IBTs at least partially driven by agricultural needs are also prevalent. The majority of the sampled IBTs were constructed between 1880 and 1980, with peaks in development between 1900–1910 and 1960–1970. The samples also showed the drivers of IBT development evolved over time, reflecting changes in regional economies, populations, and needs.     

Representing the Connectivity of Upland Areas to Floodplains and Streams in SWAT+

In recent years, watershed modelers have put increasing emphasis on capturing the interaction of landscape hydrologic processes instead of focusing on streamflow at the watershed outlet alone. Understanding the hydrologic connectivity between landscape elements is important to explain the hydrologic response of a watershed to rainfall events. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool+ (SWAT+) is a new version of SWAT with improved runoff routing capabilities. Subbasins may be divided into landscape units (LSUs), e.g., upland areas and floodplains, and flow can be routed between these LSUs. We ran three scenarios representing different extents of connectivity between uplands, floodplains, and streams. In the first and second scenarios, the ratio of channelized flow from the upland to the stream and sheet flow from the upland to the floodplain was 70/30 and 30/70, respectively, for all upland/floodplain pairs. In the third scenario, the ratio was calculated for each upland/floodplain pair based on the upland/floodplain area ratio. Results indicate differences in streamflow were small, but the relative importance of flow components and upland areas and floodplains as sources of surface runoff changed. Also, the soil moisture in the floodplains was impacted. The third scenario was found to provide more realistic results than the other two. A realistic representation of connectivity in watershed models has important implications for the identification of pollution sources and sinks.     

有机肥施用对田面水氮磷流失风险的影响

为探明化肥配施有机肥对田面水氮、磷流失及水稻系统养分吸收的影响,采用田间小区试验,设置常规施肥处理（FN）、常规施肥减氮磷量20%处理（F0）、减氮磷20%+有机肥处理（F1~F4处理有机肥施用量分别为1 500、3 000、4 500和6 000 kg/hm2）共6个处理,探索化肥减量20%配施有机肥的最优组合.结果表明:不同施肥处理下,田面水中ρ（TN）、ρ（NH₄+-N）均于施肥后第1天达到峰值,随后迅速下降,于第7天后逐渐趋于稳定,ρ（TN）和ρ（NH₄+-N）分别维持在各自峰值的5.1%~10.9%与4.8%~9.6%,田面水中ρ（TP）的变化趋势与ρ（TN）相似;F0与F1处理均能有效降低田面水中ρ（TN）和ρ（TP）.与FN处理相比,F1处理下ρ（TN）、ρ（NH₄+-N）与ρ（TP）平均值分别降低了6.5%、9.1%和3.1%,该处理能够有效地降低氮、磷养分流失风险,且增施有机肥可使水稻增产0.2%~19.8%,地上部分氮、磷累积量随有机肥施用量的增加而显著增加（P < 0.05）.综合水稻产量、养分吸收和田面水养分动态等指标发现,F1处理不仅能提高区域双季稻产量,还能有效控制田面水氮、磷养分浓度,降低氮、磷地表径流产生的农田面源污染风险,是针对南方双季稻田的一项"控源节流"优化施肥模式.      

远程氩等离子体对聚醚砜膜表面性能的改性

采用双悬浮探针和电子自旋共振法定量对远程氩等离子体进行诊断,确定了电子、离子浓度和自由基浓度的分布,以预测表面改性的最佳区;利用远程氩等离子体对聚醚砜（PES）超滤膜进行表面改性,通过接触角测量、扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱分析改性前后膜表面结构和性能的变化,最后利用牛血清蛋白分离实验分析改性前后膜的分离性能和抗污染性能变化.结果表明,氩等离子体中电子、离子浓度沿轴向距离逐渐降低,在30cm后接近于0,而40cm处自由基浓度仍维持在90%以上,为可能的最佳表面改性区;在该区对PES超滤膜改性后,引入含氧基团和含氮基团,膜表面（O+N）/C原子比从0.18增大到0.46,增强膜表面极性;在最佳处理条件下,膜表面接触角从67°减小到18°,使膜表面亲水性能增强,抑制了电子、离子对膜的刻蚀作用;通过牛血清蛋白实验测定改性后膜污染率由70.3%减小到64.7%,抗污染性能提高.     

太湖流域城镇地表水中挥发性卤代烃污染特征

分析了太湖流域典型城镇-常州市武进区地表水和5类排放源（市政污水处理厂进、出水,工业污水处理厂出水,分散式工业废水和水产养殖废水）中5种挥发性卤代烃的浓度水平,通过密集采样点设置的全年采样,揭示了地表水中挥发性卤代烃的污染特征,探讨了排放源对地表水的影响,初步识别了主要污染源.结果表明,地表水中目标卤代烃的含量在相似文献   

太湖流域典型城镇地表水中AOX的污染特征

采用微库仑法,分析常州市武南区域地表水和污水处理厂出水中可吸附有机卤素（AOX）的浓度,揭示了该区域AOX的污染特征.结果表明,区域内地表水中AOX的年均浓度为41.9μg/L,与其他研究结果相当或偏低,夏季浓度高于冬季.从空间分布上看,永安河中段、滆湖北部和京杭运河以北区域污染相对严重,其中断头浜截流是造成AOX污染突出的一个重要原因.市政污水处理厂和纺织工业污水处理厂出水的年污染负荷较高,是两类重要的排放源,对地表水中AOX污染有较大的贡献.     

中国表层土壤中239+240Pu的空间分布与变异性研究

为了解中国表层土壤中^239+240Pu比活度和²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu的范围、空间分布以及变异性,利用统计分析和数学模型的方法,定量分析了1991~2019年中国表层土壤^239+240Pu比活度和²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu的范围,空间分布以及产生空间变异性的原因.结果表明：中国表层土壤中²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu比值集中在0.18的概率为99%,全球大气核试验沉降是中国表层土壤中^239+240Pu的主要来源;表层土壤中^239+240Pu比活度处于低放射水平（£1Bq/kg的概率为94%）,西北和东北地区的表层土壤中^239+240Pu比活度有较高的空间变异性.^239+240Pu分布的空间变异性受到大气混合、冠层效应、土壤粒度、有机质和迁移（横向迁移和纵向迁移）的影响.同时,本文系统梳理了计算表层土壤中^239+240Pu空间变异的数学模型,为定量评估^239+240Pu的环境水平提供有效的方法.     

石墨烯三维电极-电Fenton系统降解甲基橙

将三维电极和电Fenton系统结合电催化氧化降解甲基橙废水.制备了Fe₃O₄负载的氧化石墨烯粒子电极GO@Fe₃O₄（GF）和球形凝胶结构SA/GO@Fe₃O₄（SGF）粒子电极,对两种粒子电极进行了表征,探讨了三维电极-电Fenton（3D-EF）系统电催化氧化性能的影响因素,并进行了反应动力学分析,结合Box-Benhnken中心复合响应面设计建立响应面二次多元回归方程模型;采用紫外可见光谱和GC-MS技术研究甲基橙降解过程.结果表明,SGF粒子电极表面形成三维网络状褶皱结构.在初始pH=5,粒子电极投加量3.0g/L,反应时间90min,电流密度30mA/cm²,外加电压7V的反应条件下,SGF粒子电极体系的甲基橙色度和COD去除率分别是98.8%和87.5%,均高于GF粒子电极体系的甲基橙色度去除率87.2%和COD去除率71.2%.响应面模型预测的反应条件和甲基橙色度去除率和实验结果吻合.推测甲基橙降解过程分为3个阶段：断键氧化过程、开环过程和完全氧化过程.