基于三维图像分析的浮力扩散火焰几何与辐射特性研究

火焰几何特性和辐射特性是刻画火灾规模及其危害的重要参量。利用三维火焰重构技术,获取了丙烷浮力扩散火焰的火焰高度、表面积、体积和火焰面元视角系数的变化规律。结果表明,三维重构的火焰能够表征真实火焰形态的动态变化。平均火焰表面积和体积均可较好地拟合为热释放速率的幂函数,火焰表面积热释放速率随火焰热释放速率的增加趋于常数。平均火焰高度、表面积和体积与火焰外部平均辐射热流之间具有较好的幂函数关系,且拟合指数随着与火源距离的增大而减小。此外,将点源、圆柱辐射模型和火焰面元积分方法得到的辐射计算值与辐射测量值进行比较,发现火焰面元积分方法能够更好地预测火焰外围的瞬时和平均辐射热流分布。     

Getting From Here to Where? Flood Frequency Analysis and Climate1

Stedinger, Jery R. and Veronica W. Griffis, 2011. Getting From Here to Where? Flood Frequency Analysis and Climate. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):506‐513. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00545.x Abstract: Modeling variations in flood risk due to climate change and climate variability are a challenge to our profession. Flood‐risk computations by United States (U.S.) federal agencies follow guidelines in Bulletin 17 for which the latest update 17B was published in 1982. Efforts are underway to update that remarkable document. Additional guidance in the Bulletin as to how to address variation in flood risk over time would be welcome. Extensions of the log‐Pearson type 3 model to include changes in flood risk over time would be relatively easy mathematically. Here an example of the use of a sea surface temperature anomaly to anticipate changes in flood risk from year to year in the U.S. illustrates this opportunity. Efforts to project the trend in the Mississippi River flood series beg the question as to whether an observed trend will continue unabated, has reached its maximum, or is really nothing other than climate variability. We are challenged with the question raised by Milly and others: Is stationarity dead? Overall, we do not know the present flood risk at a site because of limited flood records. If we allow for historical climate variability and climate change, we know even less. But the issue is not whether stationarity is dead – the issue is how to use all the information available to reliably forecast flood risk in the future: “Where do we go from here?”     

PHB/V in Extrusion Coating of Paper and Paperboard: Part I: Study of Functional Properties

Extrusion-coating experiments were carried out in the pilot line at Tampere Univesity of Technology (Institute of Paper Converting). Typical paper and paperboard substrates were coated with commercially produced 3-hydroxybutyrate/3-hydroxyvalerate. The resulting physical properties of extrusion-coated composite structures were studied. Adhesion between PHB/V and a fiber-based substrate was rather poor, regardless of typically used pretreatments (corona and flame). On the other hand, adhesion was sufficient (mode of failure was fiber tear as the materials were separated) when the substrate was primed with an acrylic-based primer. The surface energy and polarity of PHB/V were much higher than the respective ones of LDPE. Curling of PHB/V was reduced by the addition of wax or tall oil rosin into the base polymer.     

Glyphosate and Its Degradation Product AMPA Occur Frequently and Widely in U.S. Soils,Surface Water,Groundwater, and Precipitation

Glyphosate use in the United States increased from less than 5,000 to more than 80,000 metric tons/yr between 1987 and 2007. Glyphosate is popular due to its ease of use on soybean, cotton, and corn crops that are genetically modified to tolerate it, utility in no‐till farming practices, utility in urban areas, and the perception that it has low toxicity and little mobility in the environment. This compilation is the largest and most comprehensive assessment of the environmental occurrence of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in the United States conducted to date, summarizing the results of 3,732 water and sediment and 1,018 quality assurance samples collected between 2001 and 2010 from 38 states. Results indicate that glyphosate and AMPA are usually detected together, mobile, and occur widely in the environment. Glyphosate was detected without AMPA in only 2.3% of samples, whereas AMPA was detected without glyphosate in 17.9% of samples. Glyphosate and AMPA were detected frequently in soils and sediment, ditches and drains, precipitation, rivers, and streams; and less frequently in lakes, ponds, and wetlands; soil water; and groundwater. Concentrations of glyphosate were below the levels of concern for humans or wildlife; however, pesticides are often detected in mixtures. Ecosystem effects of chronic low‐level exposures to pesticide mixtures are uncertain. The environmental health risk of low‐level detections of glyphosate, AMPA, and associated adjuvants and mixtures remain to be determined.     

Ozone Dry Deposition Velocities for Coastal Waters

Air-sea exchange rates for ozone were measured by the eddy correlation technique at a site on the north Norfolk coast in the UK. The average surface resistance to ozone uptake was found to be, r_s(O₃) = 1,000 ± 100 s m^-1. Micrometeorological measurements of trace gas fluxes to ocean surfaces are rare but a review of available measurements suggests that we can constrain sea water surface resistance for ozone to between 1,000 (Regener (1974), and this work) and 1,890 s m^-1 (Lenschow et al., 1982), yielding surface deposition velocities between 0.53 and 1.0 mm s^-1. These values are more than an order of magnitude greater than can be explained by laboratory determined mass accommodation coefficients for ozone to water. The importance of dry deposition with respect to process air-sea exchange models is highlighted. A trend in surface deposition velocity with wind speed was also observed supporting a surface chemical enhancement mechanism of ozone uptake which in turn is enhanced by near surface mixing processes.     

特厚煤层综放工作面多参量监测预警分析

根据某矿12220工作面特厚煤层综放开采,穿越F16逆冲断层的特殊情况,为保证安全生产及时提供预警信息,采用微震、钻屑量、支架阻力、地表变形多种监测手段综合分析回采过程中的参量变化规律。结果表明:微震活动的峰值能量周期约为3 d,回采间距约为4.5 m,且断层下盘较上盘的微震事件能量更集中;钻屑量的统计分析发现最大值出现在上巷下帮7～11 m和下巷上帮9～11 m范围内,划定该区域为巷帮高应力集中区,并将平均钻屑量3 kg/m作为黄色预警临界值,3.5 kg/m作为红色预警临界值;另外,根据支架前、后柱阻力变化情况,划定了2个连续变化的高压力区,发现在初撑力偏低,甚至不接顶、虚顶情况下,支架梁顶部煤体受自重和构造应力作用易发生准脆性受拉断裂破坏,且在穿越逆冲断层的回采过程中,支架阻力峰值呈现由中下部向上部转移的变化规律;最后,通过对地表走向、倾向测点的变形量数据进行统计分析发现,走向面后84.9～284.8 m范围内下沉量较大,下沉速率增幅明显;而工作面倾向中部下沉量最大,整体下沉变形呈二次抛物型,其中下部下沉速率增幅明显。     

Employees' surface acting in interactions with leaders and peers

Surface acting has been widely studied in organizational research owing to its impact on organizational behaviors and outcomes. Past research almost exclusively has focused on employees' interactions with external parties such as customers, clients, and patients. This study sought to extend this literature by examining the effects of employees' surface acting in interactions with parties internal to the organization (i.e., leaders and peers). Data were collected from 40 work groups (129 focal participants, 40 leaders, and 40 peers) from a large real estate agency company located in Beijing, China. Results showed that employees' surface acting influenced various emotional, relational, and behavioral outcomes. In addition, the present findings revealed that the consequences of employees' surface acting differed across leaders versus peers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SIMPLE MEASUREMENTS OF SOIL SURFACE MICRORELIEF CHARACTERISTICS1

ABSTRACT: Soil surface roughness and the topographic orientation of microrelief influence runoff and water storage. Distances measured following the surface of the microrelief and horizontally across the area with the microrelief can be used with the number of microridges or microhills to estimate the average cross-sectional areas of the depression, the microslope angles, and crest heights. Microridge sideslope angles which effect the rate of runoff were estimated reasonably well in field plots by the method.     

石油污染法和地面油罐的法规

译文叙述了地面和地下储油罐对环境影响的差异、美国环保局（EPA）对此的有关规定、石油污染法、全国污染物排除控制系统（NPDES）等。最后介绍地面油罐法规具体内容。     

酸性条件下H+ - Cu2+在红壤表面反应的能量特征

研究了酸性条件下H -Cu2 在红壤表面反应动力学的能量特征,结果表明:酸性条件下Cu2 的吸附分为快反应和慢反应两个阶段.用一级动力学方程拟合,Cu2 的最大吸附量随酸度的增加而显著下降,随温度的升高提前达到平衡.用双常数方程描述Cu2 在吸附点位能量分布的不均匀性,用扩散速率常数b计算,活化能(Eb*)随酸度的增加而增加,Cu2 扩散需要克服的能障变大;ΔH*值为正,温度升高可促进Cu2 的扩散;ΔS*均为负值,表明吸附反应使体系的有序度增加.原液pH值为3.8和3.3时,流出液的pH值高于原液,这是由于土壤的缓冲作用、土壤表面质子化和硫酸根专性吸附释放的羟基中和;反应初期H 消耗是快反应过程,反应后期H 对矿物的溶蚀为速率控制步骤.