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931.
目的评估航天器太阳电池阵遭遇微米级空间碎片撞击后性能的下降程度。方法利用激光驱动飞片发射系统针对硅太阳电池开展系统的试验工作,对太阳电池机械损伤特性及伏安特性进行测试。利用ORDEM2000软件计算航天器所在轨道的碎片通量和速度。结合试验结果,计算航天器太阳电池阵因微米级空间碎片撞击引起的最大输出功率衰减率。结果太阳电池最大输出功率衰减率与溅射区直径呈二次函数关系,与表面污染率近似相等。未来5年天宫一号所在轨道航天器太阳电池因微米级空间碎片撞击引起的最大输出功率衰减率为0.45%。结论利用该研究结果可以预计航天器太阳电池因微米级空间碎片撞击引起的最大输出功率衰减率,为航天器总体设计提供技术支持。 相似文献
932.
Trends of the sunshine duration and diffuse radiation percentage on sunny days in urban agglomerations of China during 1960–2005 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The long-term observational data of sunshine duration (SD) and diffuse radiation percentage (defined as diffuse solar radiation/total solar radiation, DRP) on sunny days during 1960–2005 were analyzed in 7 urban agglomerations and the whole of China. The results show that the sunny sunshine duration (SSD) has decreased significantly except at a few stations over northwestern China in the past 46 years. An obvious decrease of the SSD is found in eastern China, with the trend coefficients lower than − 0.8. Accompanied by the SSD decline, the sunny diffuse radiation percentage (SDRP) in most stations shows obvious increasing trends during the 46 years. The averaged SDRP over China has increased 2.33% per decade, while the averaged SSD shows a decrease of − 0.13 hr/day per decade. The correlation coefficient between SDRP and SSD is − 0.88. SSD decreased over urban agglomerations (small to large city clusters) in the past 46 years, especially in large cities and medium cities, due to the strong anthropogenic activities and air pollution represented by aerosol option depth (AOD) and tropospheric column NO2 (TroNO2). On the regional scale, SSD has an opposite trend from SDRP during 1960 to 2005, and the variation trends of regional mean values of SSD and SDRP in southeastern China are more pronounced than those in northwestern China. 相似文献
933.
Yun Zhu Yanwen Lao Carey Jang Chen-Jen Lin Jia Xing Shuxiao Wang Joshua S. Fu Shuang Deng Junping Xie Shicheng Long 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2015
This article describes the development and implementations of a novel software platform that supports real-time, science-based policy making on air quality through a user-friendly interface. The software, RSM-VAT, uses a response surface modeling (RSM) methodology and serves as a visualization and analysis tool (VAT) for three-dimensional air quality data obtained by atmospheric models. The software features a number of powerful and intuitive data visualization functions for illustrating the complex nonlinear relationship between emission reductions and air quality benefits. The case study of contiguous U.S. demonstrates that the enhanced RSM-VAT is capable of reproducing the air quality model results with Normalized Mean Bias < 2% and assisting in air quality policy making in near real time. 相似文献
934.
935.
针对区域地表水污染特征,采用综合污染指数法,评价了淀浦河中上游段2005年-2014年间水质达标情况,计算了主要污染物的污染负荷,运用季节性肯达尔趋势检验分析了淀浦河中上游段水质变化趋势.结果表明,近十年来淀浦河中上游段水质均未达到规划水质要求,但总体水质呈改善趋势,水质以轻度污染为主,各主要污染物中,氨氮的污染负荷最大,总磷次之,呈现以氨氮和总磷为主的富营养化污染特征,研究结果为淀浦河的水质改善和水环境的污染防治等工作提供了重要依据. 相似文献
936.
《Journal of Manufacturing Processes》2014,16(4):451-467
The attractive combination of high mechanical strength, good corrosion resistance and relatively low cost has contributed to making duplex stainless steels (DSSs) one of the fastest growing groups of stainless steels. As the importance of DSSs is increasing, practical information about their successful machining is expected to be crucial. To address this industrial need, standard EN 1.4462 and super EN 1.4410 DSSs are machined under constant cutting speed multi-pass facing operations. A systematic approach which employs different modeling and optimization tools under a three phase investigation scheme has been adopted. In phase I, the effect of design variables such as cutting parameters, cutting fluids and axial length of cuts are investigated using the D-Optimal method. The mathematical models for performance characteristics such as; percentage increase in radial cutting force (%Fr), effective cutting power (Pe), maximum tool flank wear (VBmax) and chip volume ratio (R) are developed using response surface methodology (RSM). The adequacy of derived models for each cutting scenario is checked using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Parametric meta-heuristic optimization using Cuckoo search (CS) algorithm is then performed to determine the optimum design variable set for each performance. In the phase II, comprehensive experiment-based production cost and production rate models are developed. To overcome the conflict between the desire of minimizing the production cost and maximizing the production rate, compromise solutions are suggested using Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The alternatives are ranked according to their relative closeness to the ideal solution. In the phase III, expert systems based on fuzzy rule modeling approach are adopted to derive measures of machining operational sustainability called operational sustainability index (OSI). Artificial neural network (ANN) based models are developed to study the effect of design variables on computed OSIs. Cuckoo search neural network systems (CSNNS) are finally utilized to constrainedly optimize the cutting process per each cutting scenario. The most appropriate cutting setup to ensure successful turning of standard EN 1.4462 and super EN 1.4410 for each scenario is selected in accordance with conditions which give the maximum OSI. 相似文献
937.
目的研究电子元器件表面化学防护的方法。方法应用选择性涂覆设备进行研究并优化工艺条件,选择丙烯酸清漆和稀释剂的体积混合比例从1∶0.2到1∶1进行实验,在100 mm/s的喷涂速度下,喷涂印制板的过程在0.5 min内完成,喷涂的相对标准偏差不超过±0.005 mm。结果涂层厚度可控制在25~75μm的范围内,符合国际标准ICP-CC-830的要求,涂层具有较好的流平性,无气泡、针孔和絮状物,无雾化等。结论这种方法可以成功地应用于印制板上电子元器件表面的化学防护。该方法具有涂覆准确性高,有毒稀释剂消耗量低,涂覆效果好,经济环保等的特点。 相似文献
938.
城区中全户内变电站电磁辐射环境影响分析研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
全户内变电站是将主变压器、电容器组、GIS及配电柜等电气设备布置于户内,此类变电站能有效减少电磁波往外辐射,减少对周围环境的电磁辐射影响。某市110 kV广场变电站为典型的城区中全户内变电站,通过电磁环境监测,得出变电站站界工频电场强度测量值范围为1.96 V/m~22.7 V/m,磁感应强度测量值范围为0.03μT~0.22μT,变电站主变一侧围墙外70 m范围内工频电场强度为1.91 V/m~12.8 V/m,磁感应强度为0.02μT~0.22μT。变电站围墙外20 m处0.5 MHz频率下无线电干扰值为35.40 dB(μV/m)。测量结果表明,全户内变电站围墙外的工频电、磁场强度和无线电干扰值远远低于中国环境标准中推荐的居民区的场强限值,即电场4 kV/m,磁感应强度0.1 mT,无线电干扰46 dB(μV/m)。该变电站围墙外的电磁辐射已接近环境本底水平,对周边环境的影响很小。 相似文献
939.
中国地表水环境质量标准监测体系现状研究及完善建议 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
中国地表水环境质量标准监测体系历经30余年,已初步形成一套基本成熟的地表水环境质量监测体系,但随着环境保护工作的不断推进和监测技术的进步,监测体系的诸多问题也凸显.结合中国《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002),对中国地表水水质的监测方法、技术、指标等方面进行了系统的归纳与分析,提出了相应的建议,即规范项目参数的描述、筛选优化控制项目、建立多层次、实用的控制指标监测方法体系、完善控制项目QC指标体系、制订专门地表水监测技术规范. 相似文献
940.