Simultaneous removal of dissolved organic matter and bromide from drinking water source by anion exchange resins for controlling disinfection by-products

Anion exchange resins （AERs） with different properties were evaluated for their ability to remove dissolved organic matter （DOM） and bromide, and to reduce disinfection by-product （DBP） formation potentials of water collected from a eutrophic surface water source in Japan. DOM and bromide were simultaneously removed by all selected AERs in batch adsorption experiments. A polyacrylic magnetic ion exchange resin （MIEX） showed faster dissolved organic carbon （DOC） removal than other AERs because it had the smallest resin bead size. Aromatic DOM fractions with molecular weight larger than 1600 Da and fluorescent organic fractions of fulvic acid- and humic acid-like compounds were efficiently removed by all AERs. Polystyrene AERs were more effective in bromide removal than polyacrylic AERs. This result implied that the properties of AERs, i.e. material and resin size, influenced not only DOM removal but also bromide removal efficiency, MIEX showed significant chlorinated DBP removal because it had the highest DOC removal within 30 rain, whereas polystyrene AERs efficiently removed brominated DBPs, especially brominated trihalomethane species. The results suggested that, depending on source water DOM and bromide concentration, selecting a suitable AER is a key factor in effective control of chlorinated and brominated DBPs in drinking water.     

骆马湖泥-水界面磷铁硫原位同步变化特征

利用薄膜梯度扩散（DGT）原位采样装置获取了骆马湖全湖8个典型湖区泥-水界面（SWI）活性磷（P）、铁（Fe）、硫（S）垂向分布信息，据此定量估算三者交换通量.结果表明，骆马湖沉积物剖面P、Fe、S浓度范围分别为0~2.05，0~11.10和0.01~0.63mg/L，并在微小尺度呈高度空间异质性.在水平方向上活性P、Fe主要表现为西北湖区高于东南湖区，而活性S则未表现出明显的分布规律；就垂直剖面而言，活性P、Fe、S自界面向下呈升高趋势，并在60mm深度内出现峰值，且活性P和Fe剖面呈明显的同步变化特征；活性P、Fe在多数点位具有显著的正相关性（r>0.65，P<0.01），且各采样点沉积物中的总铁与总磷比值[w（∑Fe）/w（∑P）]均高于15，这表明Fe的地球化学循环过程对于骆马湖内源磷释放起重要控制作用；8个采样点样品中活性P、Fe、S交换通量分别为0.066~0.698，1.671~5.592和0.007~0.071mg/（m²·d），表明P、Fe、S由沉积物向水体释放.西北湖区表现出较高的P通量和活性P浓度，这可能会增加南水北调过程中水质污染的风险，应予以重视.以上结果支持了P、Fe耦合释放机制，明确了骆马湖SWI的活性P、Fe、S迁移特征.     

碱性树脂吸附碳酸氢盐水溶液中甲酸的研究

采用静态法测定了5种树脂对碳酸氢钾溶液中甲酸的交换吸附量，其中，D293强碱性阴离子交换树脂具有最高的交换吸附量，考察了温度对D293树脂交换吸附量的影响。在30℃条件下，利用静态法测定了甲酸在D293树脂上的吸附等温线，在低的甲酸浓度范围内，Langmuir方程比Freundlich方程能更好地描述树脂对甲酸的吸附；同时，测定了甲酸在D293树脂上的穿透曲线。     

A HYBRID COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR PREDICTING THE CHEMICAL QUALITY OF IRRIGATION RETURN FLOWS1

ABSTRACT. A hybrid computer program was developed to predict the water and salt outflow from a river basin in which irrigation is the major user of water. The model combines a chemical model which predicts the quality of water percolated through a soil profile with a general hydrologic model. The chemical model considers the reactions that occur in the soil, including the exchange of calcium, magnesium, and sodium cations on the soil complex, and the dissolution and precipitation of gypsum and lime. The chemical composition of the outflow is a function of these chemical processes within the soil, plus the blending of undiverted inflows, evaporation, transpiration, and the mixing of sub surface return flows with groundwater. The six common ions of western waters, namely calcium (Ca⁺⁺), magnesium (Mg⁺⁺), sodium (Na⁺), sulfate (SO₄⁼), chloride (Cl^?), and bicarbonate (HCO₃^?) were considered in the study. Total dissolved solids (TDS) outflow was obtained by adding the individual ions. The overall model operates on a monthly time unit. The model was tested on a portion of the Little Bear River basin in northern Utah. The model successfully simulated measured outflows of water and each of the six ions for a 24-month period. The usefulness of the model was demonstrated by a management study of the prototype system. For example, preliminary results indicated that the available water supply could be used to irrigate additional land without unduly increasing the salt outflow from the basin. With minor adjustments the model can be applied to other hydrologic areas.     

Connecting Community Action and Science to Combat Desertification: Evaluation of a Process

Combating desertification requires the involvement of many people ranging from communities who experience the effects on a daily basis and scientists attempting to understand the biophysical and socio-economic causes and consequences of desertification, to developers and policy makers on all levels. In many instances, however, the understanding, approaches and actions of these different groups contradict rather than support one another. Over the period 2000 to 2002, a conference process undertaken in southern Africa brought together communities, scientists, and development workers to test the concept that they could connect and work together to combat desertification, given an appropriate framework. The conference was a success, and communities, scientists and developers did exchange experience, knowledge and information. Many lessons were learned, although some pitfalls were experienced. Time, funding, enhanced communication, and good will are the primary ingredients for ensuring that different sectors complement one another in their efforts to combat desertification.     

单、双离子色谱柱互换分析方法研究

本文主要介绍，将日本岛津公司的ＨＩＣ－６Ａ离子色谱仪中的单离子色谱柱改成双离子色谱柱，在测定水质中阴离子含量时，对分析条件选择的结果，加以初浅的分析。它改换的成功，为我们环境水质监测节约了资金，同时也是一种可推广的分析方法。     

催化剂生产废水铵离子选择交换处理工艺

用铵离子选择交换工艺对催化剂生产过程排出的含氨氮废水进行处理。考察了再生液中NH3－N浓度、进水NH3－N浓度、进水悬浮物浓度、进水pH、再生液用量等因素对处理效果的影响；探讨了铵离子选择交换床液体空速与出水NH3－N浓度的关系、铵离子交换床总交换容量与进水NH3－N负荷之比与出水NH3－N浓度的关系。     

腈氯纶吸附纤维对亚甲基蓝和铅离子的共吸附行为研究

采用无机活性炭与丙烯腈-偏氯乙烯共聚体共混,以二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂纺制了腈氯纶吸附纤维,并用水合肼控制预交联过程,通过碱性水解制得羧酸钠型离子交换吸附纤维,着重考察了该纤维在染料亚甲基蓝和重金属Pb2 混合共存条件下对2种物质的共吸附行为.结果表明,混合条件下,该纤维对亚甲基蓝和Pb2 的吸附量可分别达到9.5 mg·g-1和487.8 mg·g-1;活性炭对亚甲基蓝的物理吸附与改性纤维对Pb2 的离子交换过程同时发生,离子交换的发生对物理吸附的影响较大;Langmuir模式比Freundlich模式更适于描述Pb2 的等温吸附过程;随着温度的升高,纤维的物理吸附能力增强,而对Pb2 的离子交换性能变化不大;pH为中性条件时,纤维对Pb2 和亚甲基蓝的吸附量均达到最大.     

Quaternized agricultural by-products as anion exchange resins

The objectives of this study were the chemical modification of readily available, low-cost agricultural by-products to anion exchange resins and the selection of the best modified by-product for further use in anion removal. Resins were prepared through the quaternization of a series of 12 agricultural by-products with N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CHMAC). Phosphate ion adsorption assays were conducted at pH 7 in order to compare adsorption properties among the by-products. Quaternized corn stover showed the highest phosphorus adsorption at 0.66 mmole/g. Since corn stover exhibited the best uptake of phosphate ion, it was compared to a commercially available, cellulose-based anion exchange resin. Additionally, adsorption capacities of quaternized corn stover for arsenate, chromate, and selenate were evaluated and adsorption efficiencies were determined in simulated wastewater samples. Our results indicate that modified corn stover demonstrates good adsorption uptake for arsenate and selenate and especially for chromate.     

Nafion交换剂富集-石墨炉原子吸收法测定废水中铬

本文用Nafion交换剂富集-石墨炉原子吸收法测定废水中的Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ),富集底液选用0.01mol NaAc-HAc缓冲液(pH=4.5),测定线性范围为5—100ng/ml,回收率在92—106％之间。对含Cr(Ⅲ)量为25ng/ml试样溶液进行十次平行测定,相对标准偏差为5.9％,特征浓度为2.4ng/ml Cr(Ⅲ),十多种共存离子不干扰测定。