Assessing seasonal variation of fluoride in groundwater for irrigation uses through hydro-geochemical and multivariate statistical approach

Since a considerable amount of fluoride (Fl) intake also takes place through the ingestion of foods that are grown in the contaminated soil and irrigated with elemental contaminated water, this may lead to higher risk from Fl-mediated toxicity. Therefore, in the present study, a systematic delineation and characterization of Fl in agricultural tube wells in Unnao District, India, were carried out to examine seasonal variations of this element using graphical and multivariate statistical approach. The results suggested that different natural hydro-geochemical processes such as weathering of silicates, carbonates, and various ion exchange processes are the key factors responsible for the geochemistry of the groundwater in addition to the alkalinity of water. Of the water sampled, 27.3% and 18.2% were contaminated with Fl exceeding the desirable limit of 1 mg/L as prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season. Fluoride displayed a significant positive correlation during both seasons and the water type of the majority of the samples in both seasons was bicarbonate.     

HABR对低C/S值工业高盐废水处理特性研究

以某电子企业的低C/S值乳化液废水为原水,经过40 d后HABR(混合式厌氧折流板反应器)启动完成,试验结果表明,在进水C/S值为2.5~1.5,p H为9.0,HRT为36 h,进水碱度为3 500 mg/L,温度为(35±1)℃条件下,SO2-4、COD去除率分别稳定在98%、65%左右。此时经污泥特性分析,发现后面4个格室已形成1套以硫酸盐还原菌为优势菌种的微生物体系,较高的进水碱度、反应器中填料的加入、含硫启动方式,是保证系统在低C/S值进水条件下仍取得高SO2-4去除率的关键。     

垃圾焚烧烟气中氯化氢的干法去除研究

采用干态固定床实验装置系统，研究去除垃圾焚烧炉烟气中HCl气体的主要影响因素及其规律。结果表明：选择适当的摩尔比α和颗粒度较细小的吸收剂，吸收效率和吸收剂利用率会提高；温度对净化效率影响不大；HCl气体浓度(ρHCl)对吸收剂的吸收效率(ηHCl)显著影响，ρHCl升高，则ηHCl增大；含有少量杂质的工业碱性废渣的利用率要大于纯化学试剂吸收剂；HCl气体排放标准在75mg／m^3时，可采用干法去除垃圾焚烧炉烟气中的HCl气体。     

两广地区水域对酸雨的敏感性及其分区图

酸沉降对水生生态的影响程度,取决于降水中化学组分的输入量和地表水体对所输入的酸性物质的敏感性.湖泊对酸性沉降物影响的敏感性,决定于多种相互作用的因素,除酸沉降的强弱和影响酸沉降的气象因素外,还取决于湖泊的水文学及水化学性质、集水区的特点和土壤与基岩等诸因素.我国两广地区位于重酸雨区,酸雨频率高,酸度大,每     

STREAM CHEMISTRY IN THE SOUTHERN BLUE RIDGE: FEASIBILITY OF A REGIONAL SYNOPTIC SAMPLING APPROACH1

ABSTRACT: A pilot study, which was conducted in the Southern Blue Ridge geographical province of the Southeastern U.S., demonstrated the feasibility of a probability-based regional synoptic design for the National Stream Survey, which is a project aimed at estimating the number and percentage of streams in various regions of the U.S. that are acidic or at risk from acid deposition. Estimated population distributions for key chemical variables were not appreciably affected by week-to-week variability in stream chemistry during the spring index period chosen for the study. Differences were observed in estimated acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), nitrate, and pH frequency distributions between spring and summer. Observations made at the downstream node did not represent the chemistry of the entire reach for some variables (ANC and nitrate) as indicated by differences in chemical concentrations between upstream and downstream sampling locations. Coefficients of variation in chemical species were low enough to provide a reasonably stable classification of streams based on ANC. Although median ANC, sulfate, and nitrate concentrations were quite low in the region, the probability of finding streams with ph < 6.3 is less than 1.3 percent at the α= 0.05 confidence level.     

西江河口段秋季表层水体CO2分压的变化特征

为了探讨西江河口段表层水体CO2分压(pco2)的分布特征,于2006年秋季在西江磨刀门至马口河段沿程实测了58个样点的表层水体理化参数.结果表明,河道表层水体Pco2值介于93.15-334.38Pa之间,平均值为174.00Pa,被测河段是个明显的大气CO2"源".河流水体的理化性质在向海输送过程中发生了明显的改变,并且导致表层水体Pco2随航程的增加而递减.样点水体接受的日照时间与其Pco2,有负相关关系,使得表层水体Pco2呈现出日周期变化.河段表层水体Pco2的这种时空变化与河口过程中河-海作用的弱化而引起水体理化参数(如水温、pH值、电导率、总溶解固体、氧化还原电位和碱度等)的变化以及水体内部碳的生物化学过程(如光合作用与呼吸作用以及有机物的分解转化等)密切相关.     

探讨UASB反应器处理浓缩果汁废水的控制条件

文章用厌氧颗粒污泥接种启动UASB反应器,通过调节碱度和出水回流来实现浓缩果汁废水在低碱度下的稳定运行。研究结果表明:经35天UASB反应器可完全启动,负荷为9.5gCOD(/L·d),COD去除率在80%以上;回流比为0.3,进水碱度和pH值分别为1500mg/L和6.75、1000mg/L和6.52时,反应器能够稳定运行;采用出水回流的方法可以使酸性的浓缩果汁废水厌氧处理大幅度降低用碱量甚至完全不加碱的条件下实现稳定运行,本试验在回流比为8~10时,反应器也有很好的处理效果。通过对其控制条件实验室研究,显著的降低了浓缩果汁废水的处理成本,在工程上具有广泛的应用性。     

高碱度钢渣添加铁尾矿消解f-CaO的机理研究

高碱度钢渣掺唐山石人沟铁尾矿重构,两者在高温环境下熔融反应消解高碱度钢渣中f-CaO。采用正交实验法设计实验方案,考察了铁尾矿掺入量(分别为3%、5%和9%)、反应温度(分别为1 500℃,1 550℃和1 580℃)及恒温反应时间(分别为10 min、20 min和30 min)对消解高碱度钢渣中f-CaO的效果。实验结果表明,铁尾矿能有效消解钢渣中f-CaO,重构渣中f-CaO含量平均值为1.17%,消解率为76.27%。且由正交方法测出了铁尾矿掺入量对f-CaO的消解影响较大,极差值为0.41%;反应温度次之,极差值为0.32%;恒温反应时间影响较小,极差值为0.06%。利用X射线衍射方法测定重构渣中矿物组成,主要为磁铁矿、钙镁橄榄石、硅酸二钙、硅酸三钙、镁铁尖晶石、铁酸钙及铁铝酸钙。     

Chemistry of fogs at Agra, India: Influence of soil particulates and atmospheric gases

Fog water samples were collected in the months of December and January during 1998–2000 at Agra, India. The samples were analyzed for pH, major anions (F⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, NO₃ ⁻, HCOO⁻ and CH₃COO⁻), major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺) and NH₄ ⁺ using ion chromatography, ICP-AES and spectrophotometer methods, respectively. pH of fog water samples ranged between 7.0 and 7.6 with a volume weighted mean of 7.2, indicating its alkaline characteristic. NH₄ ⁺ contributed 40%, SO₄ ²⁻ and NO₃ ⁻ accounted for 28%, while Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ accounted for 16% of the total ionic concentration. The ratios of Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ and Na⁺/Ca²⁺ in fog water indicates that 50–75% of fog water samples correspond to the respective ratios in local soil. Significant correlation between Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ suggests their soil origin. The order of neutralization, NH₄ ⁺ (1.4) > Ca²⁺ (0.28) > Mg²⁺ (0.12), indicates that NH₄ ⁺ is the major neutralizing species. Fog water and atmospheric alkalinity were also computed and were found to be 873 and 903 neqm⁻³, respectively. Both of these values are higher than values reported from temperate sites and thus indicate that at the present level of pollutants, there is no risk of acid fog problem. The study also shows that the alkaline nature of fog water is due to dissolution of ammonia gas and partly due to interaction of fog water with soil derived aerosols.     

碱度和浊度对混凝去除磺胺甲唑与土霉素的影响

为研究不同碱度和浊度下抗生素SMZ(磺胺甲唑)和OTC(土霉素)的混凝去除特征,选择PAC(聚合氯化铝)为混凝剂,并分别以碳酸氢钠、高岭土调节碱度〔以ρ(CaCO₃)计〕和浊度进行混凝模拟试验. 结果表明:当浊度为10 NTU时,SMZ和OTC的混凝去除率随着c(PAC)(以Al3+计)的增加而增加;在碱度为100 mg/L、c(PAC)为0.35×10-3 mol/L时,浊度对抗生素的去除有一定的影响但不显著,对SMZ去除的影响大于OTC. c(PAC)为0 mol/L时,高岭土对目标抗生素的吸附去除率较低,表明对抗生素去除起主要作用的是PAC. 碱度对SMZ和OTC的混凝去除率影响显著,这种影响是通过同时影响PAC的水解产物形态和抗生素总电荷而发挥作用的. 碱度为0 mg/L时,SMZ与OTC的混凝去除率分别为6.79%、-3.42%;碱度为25、100 mg/L时,SMZ与OTC的混凝去除率明显增加,并且当c(PAC)<0.3×10-3 mol/L时,低碱度(25 mg/L)下抗生素的混凝去除率优于高碱度(100 mg/L),而当c(PAC)>0.3×10-3 mol/L时则相反. 研究显示,碱度和浊度对混凝去除抗生素均有明显影响,但碱度对混凝去除抗生素的影响大于浊度.