铅锌尾矿重金属渗漏污染土壤和地下水的电动修复技术研究

随着生产的发展,中国地下水重金属污染问题日益严重,特别是尾矿重金属渗漏污染地下水尤引人注目,地下水和土壤相互作用,导致重金属离子发生迁移和再分配。电动修复技术作为一种新兴绿色技术,因其高效、节能、成本低、无二次污染,具有很好发展前景。本文对土壤和地下水重金属污染电动修复技术的原理、实际研究应用、技术优势及缺点进行论述,为进一步研究铅锌尾矿重金属渗漏污染地下水电动修复技术提供理论依据。     

不同条件下皂苷对污染塿土中Cu、Pb的淋洗修复

为了探讨环境友好型生物表面活性剂皂苷(saponin)对污染塿土中重金属Cu、Pb的淋洗修复效果,采用批次试验方法,研究了皂苷在不同的淋洗时间、质量浓度、p H、淋洗次数及背景电解质强度下对Cu、Pb单一污染塿土和复合污染塿土中Cu、Pb的淋洗效果.结果表明,当皂苷质量浓度为50 g·L-1、p H值为5.0、淋洗时间为240 min、无背景电解质离子共存时,重金属离子通过与皂苷胶团络合,对污染塿土中Cu、Pb的淋洗去除效果达到最大;在单一污染塿土和复合污染塿土中,50g·L-1的皂苷在最佳淋洗条件下对Cu的单次淋洗百分率分别为29.02%和25.09%,对Pb的单次淋洗百分率分别为31.56%和28.03%,同时也显示皂苷对Pb的去除效果比Cu更显著.经过4次淋洗后,在单一污染塿土和复合污染塿土中皂苷对Cu的累积淋洗百分率分别为58.92%和53.11%,对Pb的累积淋洗百分率分别为77.69%和65.32%.单次淋洗前后污染塿土中重金属形态分级结果表明:污染塿土中吸附态、交换态Cu、Pb的质量分数有所增加;碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态和硫化物残渣态的Cu、Pb可得到有效去除.     

某电镀厂六价铬污染土壤还原稳定化试剂筛选与过程监测

针对目前国内进行六价铬污染土壤修复过程关键性控制参数相对缺乏,且中长期稳定性效果相对较差等问题.选取北方某电镀厂六价铬污染严重的表层土壤,使用5组还原试剂进行还原稳定化试验,同时通过在线ORP(氧化还原电位)测试仪在线监测和定期取样测试,探索不同还原剂的反应效率和最终效果.其中试剂4对六价铬的还原稳定化率最高,基本上均在99.5%以上,六价铬浓度最低可达到2.4 mg·kg~(-1);从反应速率来看试剂1和4反应速率最快.反应过程的ORP、pH值监测数据也出现较大的区别,其中第1组土壤样品整个过程中ORP始终处于-400 m V左右;第4组反应在30 h以后,由-200m V逐步升高并稳定在100 m V左右.从反应体系中的pH值变化情况来看,唯一使土壤pH保持在7左右的是试剂4.综合判断试剂4(多硫化钙和亚铁盐复配试剂)的综合还原效果最佳.以试剂4为基础进行单独放大试验,通过ORP和电导率两个关键参数的变化情况发现还原反应过程大概需要160 h,从而为后期实际土壤修复过程中控制还原土壤的养护条件和过程监控提供理论支撑.     

表面活性剂辅助离子液体预处理稻秆的酶解动力学与结构变化分析

以稻秆为原料进行酶解研究,考察了纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶单独作用及协同作用对稻秆酶解还原糖产量的影响,以确定最佳酶体系,并研究在最佳酶体系中不同种类表面活性剂辅助离子液体对稻秆酶解的影响和动力学特征,最后通过稻秆成分分析、FTIR、XRD、SEM对预处理前后的稻秆结构、结晶性进行了分析比较.结果表明,纤维素酶与β-葡萄糖苷酶具有协同作用,而且在最佳酶体系中,与未处理稻秆及单独离子液体预处理相比,不同种类表面活性剂辅助离子液体预处理的稻秆在酶水解48 h时纤维转化率分别增加40%~85%、10%~31%,并且预处理对反应速率的提高有促进作用.     

改性乙二醛-水玻璃化学灌浆材料的研究

研究了一种改性乙二醛一水玻璃化学灌浆材料,其胶凝时间可由乙二醛的加入量控制．抗压强度大．表面活性剂甲的加入可以有效提高其渗透性。     

Removal of heavy metals from a contaminated soil using tartaric acid

This study reports the feasibility of remediation of a heavy metal （HM） contaminated soil using tartaric acid, an environmentally-friendly extractant. Batch experiments were performed to test the factors influencing remediation of the HM contaminated soil. An empirical model was employed to describe the kinetics of riM dissolution/desorption and to predict equilibrium concentrations of HMs in soil leachate. The changes of HMs in different fractions before and after tartaric acid treatment were also investigated. Tartaric acid solution containing HMs was regenerated by chestnut shells. Results show that utilization of tartaric acid was effective for removal of riMs from the contaminated soil, attaining 50%-60% of Cd, 40%-50% of Pb, 40%-50% of Cu and 20%-30% of Zn in the pH range of 3.5-4.0 within 24 h. Mass transfer coefficients for cadmium （Cd） and lead （Pb） were much higher than those for copper （Cu） and zinc （Zn）. Sequential fractionations of treated and untreated soil samples showed that tartaric acid was effective in removing the exchangeable, carbonate fractions of Cd, Zn and Cu from the contaminated soil. The contents of Pb and Cu in Fe-Mn oxide fraciton were also significantly decreased by tartaric acid treatment. One hundred milliliters of tartaric acid solution containing HMs could be regenerated by 10 g chestnut shells in a batch reactor. Such a remediation procedure indicated that tartaric acid is a promising agent for remediation of HM contaminated soils. However, further research is needed before the method can be practically used for in situ remediation of contaminated sites.     

Selection of appropriate organic additives for enhancing Zn and Cd phytoextraction by hyperaccumulators

Chelant-enhanced phytoextraction is one of the most promising technologies to remove heavy metals from soil. The key of the technology is to choose suitable additives in combination with a suitable plant. In the present study, laboratory batch experiment of metal solubilization, cress seeds germination were undertaken to investigate the metal-mobilizing capability and the phytotoxicity of organic additives, including ethylene diamine triacetic acid （EDTA）, citric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, glutamine and monosodium glutamate waste liquid （MGWL） from food industry. Experiments in pots were carried out to study the effects of the additives on Zn and Cd phytoextraction. Furthermore, a leaching experiment with lysimeter was performed to evaluate the environmental risks of additive-induced leaching to underground water. The results showed that EDTA had a strong mobilizing ability for Zn and Cd, followed by mixed reagent （MR） and MGWL. MGWL and acetic acid at 5 mmol equivalent per liter resulted in seed germination index less than 2%. Experiments in pots verified the phytotoxicity of acetic acid and MGWL. Addition of the mixed reagent at 6--10 mmol/kg significantly increased Zn phytoextraction by Thlaspi caerulescens. The same for EDTA and the mixed reagent at 10 mmol/kg by Sedum dfredii. But only mixed reagents could significantly increase Cd phytoextraction by the studied hyperaccumulators. This suggested that the strong chelant was not always the good agent to enhance phytoextraction. S. alfredii combined with 2--10 mmol/kg soil MR was preferred for phytoremediation of Cd/Zn contaminated soils in southern China, this could result in high phytoextraction of Cd/Zn and reduce the leaching risk to underground water than EDTA assisted phytoextration.     

污染农田土壤修复产业发展面临的问题及建议

随着经济的发展,我国的农业建设也迎来了新的发展机遇,但是目前我国的农业发展过程中存在着严重的土壤污染问题,污染农田土壤修复的问题有待解决。本文围绕污染农田土壤修复这一问题展开研究,望有所助益。     

农田重金属污染修复新技术展望与探索

目前,土壤重金属污染已成为全球各国共同面临的棘手问题。土壤重金属污染具有隐蔽性、滞后性、积累性、持久性等特点,已严重危害到人类的健康。本文在全面了解国内外重金属污染土壤修复研究动态的基础上,对纳米多孔磁性螯合材料用于农田重金属污染土壤修复的新技术进行展望与探索研究,为国内这一领域的工作开展提供借鉴参考。     

响应面法优化预氧化强化混凝处理铁锰地下水

以KMnO_4为氧化剂,Al_2(SO_4)_3·18H_2O为混凝剂,含铁锰离子地下水为模拟用水,考察预氧化强化混凝法的效果。利用响应面设计试验,分析氧化剂投加量、混凝剂投加量和pH值对铁锰去除的交互作用。模型优化结果显示,在氧化剂投加量4.16 mg/L,混凝剂投加量263.68 mg/L,pH值为7.54的最佳工艺参数下,铁锰去除率分别可达98.22%和97.49%。