表面活性剂吸收法治理含苯废气的中试实验

采用添加表面活性剂的填料塔来吸收治理含苯废气，分析了水一吸收剂的吸收机理。考察了喷淋量、废气入口浓度和表面活性剂添加量这三个因素对苯去除率的影响。结果表明，对苯来说入口浓度对去除率的影响最大，喷淋液体流量次之，表面活性剂的影响最小。条件满足时，含苯废气可以达标排放。     

TMA改性粘土矿物对模拟地下水中苯系物的吸附

用短链季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂四甲基铵离子（ＴＭＡ）改性膨润土和凹凸棒土,研究它们对模拟地下水中苯系物的吸附作用。二种ＴＭＡ改性粘土矿物均可以有效地吸附模拟地下水中的苯系物,吸附机理较复杂,主要以表面吸附为主。     

不同表面活性剂改性有机膨润土的稳定性研究

文章利用CTMAB、DTMAB、CPB、DPB四种表面活性剂对膨润土进行了有机改性,并研究了改性后各有机膨润土在不同条件下的稳定性。实验结果表明,在同一影响因素下,CTMAB、CPB长碳链表面活性剂改性后的有机膨润土的稳定性较好,而DTMAB、DPB短碳链表面活性剂改性后的有机膨润土的稳定性较差。振荡时间、振荡强度,温度对有机膨润土的稳定性基本没有影响。超声波和pH处理可使有机膨润土的稳定性有所降低。随着处理溶液中NaCl、CaCl2浓度的提高,表面活性剂的烷基链含12个碳原子的改性有机膨润土的稳定性呈现先下降后逐渐上升的趋势。溶液中NaCl和CaCl2的浓度对烷基链含16个碳原子的表面活性剂改性的有机土的稳定性影响不大。     

福建近岸表层海水中阴离子表面活性剂和PCB的污染

用亚甲蓝分光光度法和GC-ECD法分别对福建近岸表层海水中的阴离子表面活性剂和PCBs进行了分析,初步探讨了表层海水中这两类污染物的来源.表层海水中阴离子表面活性剂浓度范围为0.04～1.987 mg/L,较高浓度值站点主要位于九龙江口、闽江口和湄洲湾海域.PCBs的浓度在3.9～367.1 ng/L之间,整体上近岸站点浓度值比离岸站点高,中北部浓度值比南部高.与其他地区的研究结果及海水水质标准进行比较,福建沿海表层海水中阴离子表面活性剂和PCB的污染都较为严重.     

Mesoporous carbon nanomaterials induced pulmonary surfactant inhibition, cytotoxicity, inflammation and lung fibrosis

Environmental exposure and health risk upon engineered nanomaterials are increasingly concerned. The family of mesoporous carbon nanomaterials(MCNs) is a rising star in nanotechnology for multidisciplinary research with versatile applications in electronics,energy and gas storage, and biomedicine. Meanwhile, there is mounting concern on their environmental health risks due to the growing production and usage of MCNs. The lung is the primary site for particle invasion under environmental exposure to nanomaterials. Here, we studied the comprehensive toxicological profile of MCNs in the lung under the scenario of moderate environmental exposure. It was found that at a low concentration of 10 μg/mL MCNs induced biophysical inhibition of natural pulmonary surfactant. Moreover, MCNs at similar concentrations reduced viability of J774 A.1 macrophages and lung epithelial A549 cells.Incubating with nature pulmonary surfactant effectively reduced the cytotoxicity of MCNs.Regarding the pro-inflammatory responses, MCNs activated macrophages in vitro, and stimulated lung inflammation in mice after inhalation exposure, associated with lung fibrosis.Moreover, we found that the size of MCNs played a significant role in regulating cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory potential of this nanomaterial. In general, larger MCNs induced more pronounced cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects than their smaller counterparts. Our results provided valuable information on the toxicological profile and environmental health risks of MCNs, and suggested that fine-tuning the size of MCNs could be a practical precautionary design strategy to increase safety and biocompatibility of this nanomaterial.     

Reversibly enhanced aqueous solubilization of volatile organic compounds using a redox-reversible surfactant

Surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER) is an effective method for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from contaminated soils and groundwater. To reuse the surfactant the VOCs must be separated from the surfactant solutions. The water solubility of VOCs can be enhanced using reversible surfactants with a redox-acive group, (ferrocenylmethyl)dodecyldimethylammonium bromide (Fcl2) and (ferrocenylmethyl)tetradecanedimethylammonium bromide (Fcl4), above and below their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) under reducing (I⁺) and oxidative (I²⁺) conditions. The CMC values of Fcl2 and Fcl4 in I⁺ are 0.94 and 0.56 mmol/L and the solubilization of toluene by Fcl2 and Fcl4 in I⁺ for toluene is higher than the solubilization achieved with sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and Trition X-114. The solubilization capacity of the ferrocenyl surfactants for each tested VOCs ranked as follows: ethylbenzene > toluene > benzene. The solubilities of VOCs by reversible surfactant in I⁺ were 30% higher than those in I²⁺ at comparable surfactant concentrations. The effects of Fcl4 concentrations on VOCs removal efficiency were as follows: benzene > toluene > ethylbenzene. However, an improved removal efficiency was achieved at low ferrocenyl surfactant concentrations. Furthermore, the reversible surfactant could be recycled through chemical approaches to remove organic pollutants, which could significantly reduce the operating costs of SER technology.     

超滤处理洗涤污水循环利用的中试研究

采用不同材质国产超滤膜聚丙烯（PP）、聚丙烯腈（PAN）和聚砜（PS）,进行了洗涤污水处理循环利用的现场中试研究.结合超滤工艺出水水质和膜污染分析,3种膜材质中PAN膜较优,有效去除了水中浊度、悬浮物、油脂等污染物,一定程度保留了游离阴离子表面活性剂（LAS）,长期循环洗涤对衣物的白度无不良影响.根据相关性分析,超滤出水较高COD值很大程度上是由水中LAS引起的.超滤膜对细菌、大肠菌群的去除率较低,出水通过紫外消毒,当紫外线密度≥3?750 J/m²时,微生物水平能够达到国家饮用水水质标准.根据不同水力反冲洗条件下膜渗透通量和净产水量比较,PAN膜最佳水力反冲洗条件为0.5 h反冲洗2 min.长期运行时超滤膜化学清洗方法采用碱洗法方便有效.     

制浆废液降低普钙水分的应用研究

针对我国采用高临界流动水分的磷矿进行湿法生产普钙普遍存在产品水分达不到部颁标准的难题,直接采用制浆废液(利用其主要对环境有害成分之一--MNA作减水剂)进行降低普钙水分的研究和应用.实验结果表明,添加少量的减水剂MNA可显著降低国内朝阳、昆阳、浏阳和国外摩洛哥等单种磷矿以及昆阳-朝阳混矿的矿浆粘度和水分.采用国产昆阳-朝阳混矿进行工业生产试验结果表明,添加0.35%～0.4%干矿粉重量的减水剂MNA,不仅可使球磨添加水量从145 kg降至103 kg,矿浆含水量从30.5%降至27%,成品肥含水量从16.24%降至13.77%,而且可使有效磷从10.67%升至12.24%,转化率由86.57%提高到90.45%,矿浆细度由90.18%提高到93.12%.实验和工业生产试验表明,直接用造纸制浆废液降低普钙水分,既确保和改善了普钙的产品质量,又治理了环境污染,取得了较好的经济、环境和社会效益.     

湿法净化黑烟中添加剂对炭黑沉降性能的影响

湿法净化黑烟中炭黑颗粒物的关键在于降低吸收液的表面张力并以高性能絮凝剂使其从溶液中絮凝、沉降以利于分离。选用十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB)为主要表面活性剂,使之与十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和月桂醇聚氧乙烯(9)醚(AEO-9)进行复配实验,研究了复配液的表面张力,再向最低表面张力的复配表面活性剂溶液中投加絮凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM),探讨絮凝剂的添加对黑烟颗粒沉降和絮凝的影响.实验结果表明:同时添加表面活性剂CTAB,SDBS和PAC,并使之浓度分别为0.5 mmol/L,0.4 mmol/L和200 mg/L时,炭黑颗粒的沉降效果最好,沉降率高达94%,且絮凝体较大,沉降时间仅为2 min。     

添加剂对炭黑颗粒润湿和沉降性能的影响

为提高湿式除尘装置对炭黑颗粒物的去除效率,通过向吸收液中添加复配表面活性剂以提高吸收液对炭黑的润湿性,投加絮凝剂使进入吸收液的炭黑颗粒发生凝聚和沉降,从而使吸收液得以循环利用。其中表面活性剂的复配以非离子表面活性剂月桂醇聚氧乙烯（9）醚（AEO-9）为主,与十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）、十六烷基三甲基溴化胺（CTAB）和壬酚基聚氧乙烯醚（TX-10）分别复配,筛选出复配效果最好的一组复配液;然后投加絮凝剂,探讨絮凝剂的加入对吸收液中炭黑颗粒物絮凝沉降的影响。结果表明,在AEO-9浓度为0．05mmol／L,TX-10浓度为0．09mmol／L时,吸收液的表面张力最小,为36．75mN／m;投加无机絮凝剂聚合氯化铝（PAC）浓度为100mg／L时,经15min沉降,炭黑的沉降率可达88．1％,上清液中悬浮颗粒的平均粒径为6．36μm。