CTAB与亚临界水联合预处理对污泥水热液化制备生物油的影响

以脱水污泥为原料针探究对其水热液化（HTL）制取生物油的影响.结果表明,胞外聚合物（EPS）的释放可以促进有机物在高温时断链成分子量较高的有机质,促进生物油的形成.与原污泥相比,亚临界水（SCW）预处理会促进脱氨基反应,生物油中的氮含量降低51.74%;十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）预处理则促进了19.3wt%的有机物转移至油相中,同时生物油中的酸含量降低13.49%;CTAB-SCW联合预处理后,生物油收率提升了66.92%,醇含量提升28.32%.联合预处理中酯交换反应是主反应,同时亲核反应、氧化反应和消除反应也显著增强.     

SMAD-BBR组合工艺在高浓度洗涤废水处理中的应用

针对当前化工行业洗涤废水COD高、毒性强、表面活性剂多导致难处理难降解的问题,以青岛市某化工厂生产车间的设备清洗废水为对象,在实验室小试的基础上,设计并建立了处理规模为2.0 m³·d⁻¹的SMAD-BBR组合工艺系统用于处理该洗涤废水。经过4个月的现场调试运行,研究了SMAD-BBR组合工艺对洗涤废水的处理效果。结果表明：SMAD-BBR组合工艺能够有效地降解该化工厂的清洗废水,其中COD去除率为99.1%、NH₃-N去除率为95.6%、TP去除率为82.5%;在稳定运行期间水质波动较大时,出水仍能稳定达标,表明组合工艺具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力;通过增加BBR曝气区中的MLSS,从而提高了生物量,使洗涤废水在曝气处理时泡沫严重的情况得到了有效的解决;经计算,SMAD-BBR组合工艺处理洗涤废水,每年可为该化工厂节约140×10⁴元。通过分析可知,SMAD-BBR组合工艺在处理洗涤废水方面有良好的应用前景。     

表面活性剂对土壤粘粒絮凝-分散的影响

以浙江红壤为例,研究了两种阴离子表面活性剂和一种非离子表面活性剂对土壤粘粒悬浮液稳定性的影响.结果表明,表面活性剂对土壤粘粒的分散作用影响较大,且非离子表面活性剂的影响大于阴离子表面活性剂的影响.表面活性剂对土壤粘粒的分散作用主要是土壤颗粒对表面活性剂的电性吸附和配位吸附所致.表面活性剂进入土壤环境,会导致土壤粒子的分散,流动性增加;其结果是:一方面加重水土流失,另一方面使水环境污染程度加深.      

Removal of arsenic in tailings by soil flushing and the remediation process monitoring

In order to investigate the optimum conditions for the application of soil flushing of arsenic, a batch test was carried out using EDTA at various concentration and pH levels. Based on the optimum condition derived from the batch test, a column test was conducted to examine the feasibility of the soil-flushing technology under field-equivalent conditions. In this column test, a low flushing solution flow rate showed a significantly higher As removal efficiency (71.6%) than a high flow rate (56.3%). TCLP (toxicity characteristic leaching procedure) and a seed germination test were carried out to monitor the toxicity both during and after the treatment. The finally treated tailings were shown to be significantly remediated, having a reduced toxicity by both the TCLP and seed germination tests.     

表面活性剂在甲烷氧化菌降解煤体甲烷中的适用性研究

甲烷氧化菌液在进入煤储层后会产生较高的毛管压力,且随着甲烷氧化菌降解煤层瓦斯的进行,毛管压力逐渐增大,容易引起水锁伤害。采取向甲烷氧化菌菌液加入复配表面活性剂以期减缓菌液造成的水锁伤害,通过测试所选表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）与椰子油脂肪酸二乙醇酰胺（CDEA）对菌液表面张力的降低程度来了解表面活性剂与菌液的配伍比例,并对含复配表面活性剂的甲烷氧化菌对煤层甲烷的降解进行研究。研究结果表明:表面活性剂与菌液最佳配伍比例为SDBS∶CDEA为1∶4,最佳配伍浓度为0.5％,且表面活性剂在菌液中稳定性较好;菌液中添加复配表活剂20 mL,在混合气体压力为2 MPa、氧浓度为 1％、温度为 30 ℃时,添加复配表面活剂菌液的甲烷最终降解率为51.65％,比未添加复配表面活剂菌液高出11％左右。因此,向甲烷氧化菌菌液中添加复配表面活性剂具有很好的适用性。     

Controlled release, blind test of DNAPL remediation by ethanol flushing

A dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zone was established within a sheet-pile isolated cell through a controlled release of perchloroethylene (PCE) to evaluate DNAPL remediation by in-situ cosolvent flushing. Ethanol was used as the cosolvent, and the main remedial mechanism was enhanced dissolution based on the phase behavior of the water-ethanol-PCE system. Based on the knowledge of the actual PCE volume introduced into the cell, it was estimated that 83 L of PCE were present at the start of the test. Over a 40-day period, 64% of the PCE was removed by flushing the cell with an alcohol solution of approximately 70% ethanol and 30% water. High removal efficiencies at the end of the test indicated that more PCE could have been removed had it been possible to continue the demonstration. The ethanol solution extracted from the cell was recycled during the test using activated carbon and air stripping treatment. Both of these treatment processes were successful in removing PCE for recycling purposes, with minimal impact on the ethanol content in the treated fluids. Results from pre- and post-flushing partitioning tracer tests overestimated the treatment performance. However, both of these tracer tests missed significant amounts of the PCE present, likely due to inaccessibility of the PCE. The tracer results suggest that some PCE was inaccessible to the ethanol solution which led to the inefficient PCE removal rates observed. The flux-averaged aqueous PCE concentrations measured in the post-flushing tracer test were reduced by a factor of 3 to 4 in the extraction wells that showed the highest PCE removal compared to those concentrations in the pre-flushing tracer test.     

表面活性剂协同膨润土处理染料废水的研究

文章用两种阳离子表面活性剂溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)、氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)与膨润土直接混合,协同处理模拟印染废水。研究了不同配比的CTMAB、CPC和膨润土混合物对靛红染料废水脱色的适宜条件,并与经过这两种表面活性剂改性的有机膨润土脱色效果作对比,初步分析了其作用机理。结果表明:表面活性剂(CTMAB和CPC)用量对脱色效果影响最大;表面活性剂协同膨润土体系的脱色效果明显优于其改性有机土,其中CTMAB混合膨润土体系效果最好,脱色率达99%以上;且表面活性剂混合膨润土体系的脱色效果受pH值和处理时间变化的影响较小,沉降速度快,表现出良好的吸附、脱色、絮凝沉降的协同效应。     

未经处理或仅简单处理生活污水中阴离子表面活性剂浓度测定方法研究

采用碱性亚甲蓝萃取去除蛋白质、硫化物等干扰,然后经酸性亚甲蓝萃取法分析未经处理或仅简单处理生活污水中的阴离子表面活性剂浓度。结果表明：该方法能得到满意的分析结果。     

混凝法处理表面活性剂废水的水力影响

以含1 mg/L十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)的20 NTU高岭土悬浊液为研究对象,投加聚合铝PAC进行强化混凝实验,探讨了水力条件对含SDBS废水处理效果及其混凝形态学特性的影响。结果表明,偏碱性条件有利于浊度去除,而偏酸性条件下SDBS去除率较高;在试验确定的最佳工艺条件下,处理后废水余浊低,表面活性剂去除率较高,絮体大而密实,不易破碎,分维值较高;助凝剂纳米SiO2能进一步改善最优水力条件下PAC的强化混凝效果。     

陶瓷膜污染过程分析与膜清洗方法优化

采用膜孔径为50 nm的陶瓷膜错流过滤方式,对碱性高浓度有机洗涤废水进行9个周期的膜通量衰减及反向脉冲清洗再生实验研究.通过设计膜污染阻力构成实验,测算膜污染总阻力及其构成比例.实验结果表明,膜固有阻力比例较低,浓差极化污染较弱,Rt和Rc+Rirt污染阻力稳定性较高,膜堵塞形式兼有孔内堵塞和滤饼过滤;选择质量分数0.1％的稀盐酸和0.2％的草酸溶液膜清洗效果均较好,清洗时间为3 min,脉冲时间和频率为3 s/5 s.