Evaluating farm performance using agri-environmental indicators: recent experiences for nitrogen management in The Netherlands

Intensive agriculture, characterized by high inputs, has serious implications on the environment. Monitoring and evaluation of projects aiming at designing, testing and applying more sustainable practices require instruments to asses agronomic as well as environmental performance. Guidelines for Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) or Good Farming Practice (GFP) define sustainable practices but give limited insight into their environmental performance. Agri-environmental indicators (AEIs) provide information on environmental as well as agronomic performance, which allows them to serve as analytical instruments in research and provide thresholds for legislation purposes. Effective AEIs are quantifiable and scientifically sound, relevant, acceptable to target groups, easy to interpret and cost-effective. This paper discusses application of four AEIs for nitrogen (N) management in three Dutch research projects: 'De Marke', 'Cows and Opportunities' and 'Farming with a future'. 'De Marke' applied Nitrogen Surplus and Groundwater Nitrate Concentration in the design and testing of environmentally sound dairy systems. 'Cows and Opportunities', testing and disseminating dairy systems designed at 'De Marke', mainly applied Nitrogen Surplus, while 'Farming with a future' used Nitrogen Surplus, Groundwater Nitrate Concentration and Residual Mineral Soil Nitrogen to support arable farmers in complying with Dutch legislation (MINAS). Nitrogen Surplus is quantifiable, appealing and easy to interpret, but lacks scientific soundness or a good relationship with groundwater quality. Nitrogen Use Efficiency is sensitive to changes in management, while Residual Mineral Soil Nitrogen is appealing and cheap, but has difficulties in scaling. Groundwater Nitrate Concentration lacks clear rules for sampling, is labor consuming, expensive and mainly used in combination with other indicators. AEIs enhanced improvements in N management by facilitating (i) definition of project goals, (ii) design of desired systems, (iii) evaluation of applied systems and (iv) improving effective communication. AEI applications in other countries show a similar pattern as found in The Netherlands. Limitations to AEI application relate to inconsistencies between different indicators, heterogeneity of soil characteristics and linkages of N, carbon and water management. AEIs should be applied in an integrated evaluation, at a scale that reflects the farm's spatial variability. Simple AEIs like Nitrogen Surplus should be supported by other indicators and/or model calculations. The paper concludes that AEIs proved their value in design, implementation and testing of farming systems, but they should be used with care, always keeping in mind that indicators are simplifications of complex and variable processes.     

液化石油气槽车泄漏处置专用接头套组的应用探讨

针对消防救援车辆缺乏专业堵漏和倒罐装备、应急处置受限等问题,研究采用专用注压接头套组与消防车配合,通过向事故槽车阀门注水加压或惰性气体的方式实施辅助堵漏,能够实现因地制宜、快速有效地解决现场液化石油气大量泄漏的问题,降低事故危害。     

基于平面压入技术研究焊接接头单轴应力-应变关系

目的 获取异种金属焊接接头母材和热影响区局部拉伸应力-应变关系。方法 对压水堆机组蒸汽发生器接管安全端异种金属焊接接头(20MND 5-INCONEL 52-Z2 CND 18.12控氮)进行研究,通过金相检验和显微硬度测试,研究DMWJ母材、热影响区、焊缝熔合线位置的金相组织和维氏硬度分布。采用等直圆棒拉伸试验获得DMWJ低合金钢(20MND 5)母材的应力-应变关系,采用基于能量等效理论的平面压入技术获得DMWJ低合金钢母材、热影响区和焊缝局部材料应力-应变关系。结果 DMWJ材料组织、力学性能不均匀,等直圆棒拉伸试验得到的低合金钢母材拉伸应力-应变关系与平面压入技术测得结果较为吻合。结论 基于能量等效理论的平面压入技术可精确测得DMWJ低合金钢母材、热影响区和焊缝局部材料应力-应变关系,对压水堆核电站DMWJ在役检测及结构完整性评价具有重要意义。     

探讨ADC芯片引脚与印制板之间的固封方式

通过故障分析,将某产品高温老炼试验过程中发生的性能异常现象定位于ADC芯片部分引脚焊点脱焊。为验证芯片引脚与印制板之间的固封方式对焊点受力的影响,分别对"底部灌封+四角固封"及"底部灌封+四边固封"固封方式进行试验验证及随机振动、热应力分析。根据分析结果,高温浸泡时"底部灌封+四边固封"方式下,焊点受力均匀,最大热应力低于3MPa;而"底部灌封+四角固封"固封方式下的焊点最大热应力约5.1MPa,导致了焊点的蠕变疲劳失效。为减少高温浸泡时焊点的热应力,设计了"底部不灌胶,四边固封但一角不封口"的固封方式,并顺利通过相应的验证试验,证明这是一种较为妥当的固封方式。     

SnAgCu焊料中Sn元素在模拟土壤溶液中的浸出行为

研究了Sn-3.5Ag-0.75Cu无铅焊料及其与Cu基板的钎焊接头在模拟土壤的NaCl,NaCl-Na2SO4和NaCl-Na2SO4-Na2CO3溶液中Sn元素的浸出行为.结果表明:焊料在NaCl-Na2SO4-Na2CO3溶液中Sn的浸出相对严重;而接头在NaCl溶液中Sn的浸出量最多.在Sn浸出量多的焊料和接头表面形成厚而疏松的腐蚀产物,XRD分析表明其产物主要由SnO,SnO2和Sn4(OH)6Cl2组成.动电位极化测试分析表明接头中Cu基板与焊料合金之间的电偶腐蚀是焊料合金与接头在同种溶液中Sn元素浸出差异的主要原因.     

Institutions, Forest Management, and Sustainable Human Development – Experiences from India

New institutional economists have argued that there are many categories of institutions, including market and non-market institutions, which may prove economically efficient, specifically for public goods and common pool goods. The Government of India introduced a non-market community-based institution, known as Joint Forest Management (JFM), for forest management and protection in 1990. JFM is a sharing mechanism for forest planning and management based on sharing of rights and duties, control and decision-making authority over forestlands, between forest departments and local user groups. By 2001, 42 000 Village Forest Committees established under JFM were managing over 11.5 million ha forestland. These institutions have proved very useful, and have contributed to forest management as well as four aspects of sustainable human development (SHD) – ecological output, income generation, village infrastructure development, and community empowerment. In the long-term, community-based institutions will prove to be a foundation of SHD and participatory democracy.     

超限结构无缝法施工在污水处理工程中的应用

介绍了一种在超限混凝土结构中取消伸缩缝或增大伸缩缝最大间距的新型施工方法——超限混凝土结构无缝法施工。论述无缝法施工的原理及膨胀加强带的设置,探讨UEA膨胀混凝土的配制,在实践的基础上总结了无缝法施工的方法、注意事项及优点。     

普光高含硫气田企地三级应急联动模式研究和运用

普光气田属于高含硫气田,一旦发生事故对周边危害极大,该域地形复杂,山高路险,道路狭窄,人口密集,不利于疏散,普光应急管理模式面临挑战.为了解决这一难题,普光气田采用企地三级应急联动模式,旨在紧密联系企业和地方的应急疏散管理,明确应急疏散领导小组及职责,规定居民疏散信号、路线和安全集合点.通过培训与演练,本方案能够提高企地协同作战的应急疏散能力,最大限度地减少事件造成的人员伤亡、财产损失和社会危害.     

综合拉底、扩漏和出矿全过程的底部结构安全性颗粒流模拟技术研究

为探明自然崩落法从拉底崩落至出矿全过程中底部结构节理连续扩展过程与破坏过程规律，采用PFC2D软件，结合RocLab软件反演节理岩体参数，建立229 m×129 m的岩体扩大模型，对拉底崩落至出矿过程进行连续综合计算。研究结果表明:模拟结果及破坏现象与现场监测结果相近，建模与细观参数反演方法适用于该类岩体工程研究；裂纹扩展贯通导致岩体失稳破坏，破坏过程与裂纹扩展具有相对应的阶段特征，裂纹扩展分为崩落前稳定扩展期，崩落与聚矿槽开挖过程加速扩展期和后续持续扩展期；结构破坏分为蕴育过程，扰动失稳过程和宏观破坏过程；较大范围的宏观破坏主要在出矿阶段。该模拟方法与结果可为底部结构维护以及节理岩体长期稳定性研究提供参考。     

硝基芳烃对虹鳉鱼(Poecilia reticulata)的毒性

主要研究了2,6-二硝基甲苯(2,6-DNT)和4-硝基甲苯(4-NT)两种硝基芳烃对虹鳉鱼的急性毒性、亚急性毒性及联合毒性效应,旨在为渔业水质标准的制定与完善提供可靠的科学依据。研究表明,2,6-DNT的急性毒性大于4-NT,二者的96 h LC50值分别为(25.22±0.19)mg/L和(60.26±0.09)mg/L;亚急性毒性研究中,两种化合物的各种质量浓度在40天内,对试验动物的生长有不同程度的影响;应用Marking相加指数法评价二者的联合毒性,结果表明其联合毒性为协同。