中国城市热岛时空特征及其影响因子的分析

全球气候变暖背景下,城市热岛效应会加重城市地区的热胁迫,对人类健康和生存发展提出严峻挑战.近年来我国雾-霾污染情况严重,但雾-霾对城市热岛影响的认识仍较匮乏.本研究基于MODIS遥感卫星地表温度数据,明确了我国2003~2013年白天、夜间以及四季城市热岛的空间变化,并从生物物理学和生物化学角度定量分析其控制机制.结果表明,影响我国白天城市热岛强度的主要因素为人口、农田灌溉和植被活动.纬度、降水量、反照率以及气溶胶浓度是夜间城市热岛强度的主控因子.从对比城乡粗糙度、反照率等生物物理学属性的角度,揭示了乡村背景环境对城市热岛分析的重要影响.结果表明,雾-霾治理可以缓解我国夜间城市热岛现象和热胁迫,有利于缓解区域甚至全球气候变化.     

不同运行模式下改良型CAST工艺处理生活污水的除磷性能

实验采用改良型CAST工艺,以生活污水为研究对象,考察了C/P、回流比及温度等不同运行模式对系统除磷性能的影响.结果表明,常温条件下进水C/P由50升至100,系统除磷率均值从15%迅速升至95.6%,除磷性能显著提高;继而降低C/P至75,除磷性能因进水碳源不足再度下降,除磷率均值为51.4%,且长期投加易降解碳源引发系统污泥膨胀并导致污泥大量流失.C/P较低情况下,回流比由25%降低至12.5%,除磷性能提高2.3倍,继续降低回流比至0,除磷性能反而下降;温度实验研究则表明,低温系统(14℃±1℃),除磷率稳定维持在90%以上,而高温短程硝化系统(27℃±1℃)除磷率仅为14.1%,可见低温更有利于系统磷的去除.吸磷小试发现,常温系统污泥以O_2、NO_3~-和NO_2~-为电子受体均能进行吸磷,而低温系统污泥能以O_2、NO_3~-为电子受体进行吸磷,高温系统污泥则仅能以O_2为电子受体进行少量吸磷.此外,实验还发现,系统短期闲置导致的污泥"饥饿"有利于系统除磷率的提高.     

坡岸截留强化处理设施在不同运行条件下对农业面源污染物去除效果

对坡岸截留强化处理设施在不同温度、不同雨强、不同降雨间隔条件下处理农业面源污染进行中试试验研究.结果表明,水温从20℃下降至4.3℃,COD、TN、NH+4-N、TP去除率下降了15.58%、48.93%、42.26%、57.75%;降雨强度由0.65mm·min-1增加1倍至1.30 mm·min-1,COD的平均去除率低了15.19%,TN、NH+4-N的去除效率相当,TP的去除效率提高了11.21%,但COD、TN、NH+4-N、TP单位面积去除的总量却提高了26.27%、68.3%、32.6%、104.2%;降雨间隔从2 d增加到4 d时对COD去除的影响不大,但使NH+4-N、TN的处理效率提高19.31%、13.95%,对TP的单位面积去除量提高71.43%,但去除总量有限.     

Performance of low temperature Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) catalyzed by mixed bacterial consortia

Microbial Fuel Cells(MFCs) are a promising technology for treating wastewater in a sustainable manner. In potential applications, low temperatures substantially reduce MFC performance. To better understand the effect of temperature and particularly how bioanodes respond to changes in temperature, we investigated the current generation of mixed-culture and pure-culture MFCs at two low temperatures, 10°C and 5°C. The results implied that the mixed-culture MFC sustainably performed better than the pure-culture(Shewanella) MFC at 10°C, but the electrogenic activity of anodic bacteria was substantially reduced at the lower temperature of 5°C. At 10°C, the maximum output voltage generated with the mixed-culture was 540–560 m V, which was 10%–15% higher than that of Shewanella MFCs. The maximum power density reached 465.3 ± 5.8 m W/m~2 for the mixed-culture at10°C, while only 68.7 ± 3.7 m W/m~2 was achieved with the pure-culture. It was shown that the anodic biofilm of the mixed-culture MFC had a lower overpotential and resistance than the pure-culture MFC. Phylogenetic analysis disclosed the prevalence of Geobacter and Pseudomonas rather than Shewanella in the mixed-culture anodic biofilm, which mitigated the increase of resistance or overpotential at low temperatures.     

焙烧温度对CeO_2(ZrO_2)/TiO_2选择性催化脱硝性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法并以不同温度焙烧制备一系列CeO_2(ZrO_2)/TiO_2(CZT)催化剂,考察了CZT催化剂固相结构、酸量、比表面积等性能与催化活性的关系。采用XRD、BET、NH3-TPD、H2-TPR以及XPS等表征技术对催化剂进行表征。结果表明:焙烧温度为450℃时CZT催化剂具有最高的催化活性,其在240~400℃的温度窗口内活性均高于90%,且具有较好的抗水和抗硫中毒能力。随着焙烧温度的提高,催化剂表面的Ce和Zr原子进入体相晶格且Ce0.5Zr0.5O2向Ce0.75Zr0.25O2转变,导致催化剂的储释氧能力和氧化还原性能降低。另外,锐钛矿和金红石型TiO_2晶粒尺寸的增加,催化剂的有效比表面积和总酸量降低,因此CZT催化活性随着焙烧温度的提高而有所降低。换言之,大的比表面积、良好的氧化还原性能、表面Ce4+的富集以及酸性位的增多均有利于NH3-SCR活性的提高。     

Effect of MoO3 on vanadium based catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 at low temperature

The selective catalytic reduction(SCR) activities of the MoO_3 doped V/WTi catalysts prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method at low temperature were investigated.The results showed that the addition of MoO_3 could enhance the NO_ xconversion at low temperature and the best SCR activity was obtained when the dosage of MoO_3 reached5 wt.%. The NH3-TPD and DRIFTS experiments indicated that the addition of MoO_3 changed the type and number of acid sites on the surface of catalysts and reaction activities of acid sites were altered at the same time. The redox capacity and amount of active oxygen species got improved for V3Mo5/WTi catalyst, which could be confirmed by the H_2-TPR and transient response experiments. Water vapor inhibited the NO_xconversion at low temperature. Deposition of ammonium sulfate or bisulfate might be main reason for the loss of catalytic activity in the presence of SO_2 at low temperature. Choosing the suitable NH_3/NO ratio and elevation of reaction temperature both could weaken the influence of SO_2 on the SCR activity of the V3Mo5/WTi catalyst. Thermal treatment of the deactivated catalyst at350°C could get the low temperature activity recovered. The decrease of GHSV improved the de NO_x efficiency at low temperature and we speculated that the rational technological process and operation parameters could contribute to the application of this kind of catalysts in real industrial environment.     

基于遗传神经网络的除湿机故障诊断与寿命预测

目的识别除湿机的性能状态和预测吸附剂的剩余寿命。方法针对除湿机故障过程缓变的特点,提出一种基于数据驱动的遗传神经网络模型。首先,为解决设备失效程度划分模糊的问题,由5个热力参数组成反映吸附剂劣化程度的特征向量,关联分析得到除湿机的5类故障模式。其次,利用遗传神经网络建立状态参数和故障模式的映射关系。最后,对表征设备吸附能力的主参数进行外推预测。结果训练好的诊断网络可准确地识别出设备的劣化程度及其演变过程,预测网络的预测精度非常高。结论该方法可有效地实现对除湿机的故障诊断与预测。。     

高原高寒地域中重型车辆进气预热起动辅助装置研究

目的解决高海拔地域中重型越野车辆的起动困难问题。方法从进气温度对车辆起动的影响因素入手,系统地研究几种典型进气预热型式的优缺点。针对中型和重型两台越野车的具体情况,设计选型集中加热的电阻型格栅式进气预热器。经设计计算和反复测试,确定两型加热器的尺寸和功率等主要参数和控制策略,计算分析与车载蓄电池的匹配关系。结果对两型进气预热器进行实车安装后,分别经过实验室试验和野外现场验证,在-30℃实验室常压环境和-27℃的高原环境条件下,两型车辆均能在3 min内顺利起动。结论在高原高寒地域,格栅式电阻进气预热器可有效解决-30℃以上温度范围的起动困难问题。该装置结构简单、安装方便、可靠性高,便于中重型车辆加装使用,为该类问题提供了有效的技术解决途径。     

罕见冬季降雨中人工增雨微物理过程分析研究

用Micaps实时资料、CPAS卫星反演分析资料、NCEP再分析资料、ECMWF再分析资料,多普勒雷达PUP产品资料,对2015年12月1日夜间至2日凌晨沈阳地区罕见冬季降雨过程,进行了天气学分析、及大气微物理人工增雨作业条件分析,并结合沈阳地区人工增雨作业指标,得出本次降雨过程在厄尔尼诺正在发生的背景下,为常见的高空槽转东北冷涡型,水汽、动力等微物理作业条件也适合于开展人工增雨作业,并给出了相应的作业指导参数,为沈阳地区今后在冬季降雨天气过程中开展人工增雨作业积累了宝贵经验.