炼厂常柴碱渣处理与利用

介绍了一种处理与利用炼厂常柴碱渣的方法,该方法实用、简单、速度快、成本低,经应用解决了碱渣的污染问题,并回收了可利用成分.     

不同挥发分煤尘层最低着火温度变化规律研究

针对煤化工等行业的沉积煤尘热自燃问题,运用煤尘层最低着火温度测试系统,研究了不同挥发分煤尘层的着火状态、不同挥发分及不同厚度煤尘层最低着火温度的变化规律。结果表明:煤尘层厚度为5 mm时,挥发分质量分数大于35%的煤尘在较低温度便出现着火现象,肉眼很容易观察到火星的出现,温度曲线波动剧烈,而对于挥发分质量分数小于15%的煤尘,通过煤尘层内部"温度达到450℃"来判断其着火;在灰分质量分数相当的情况下,煤尘层最低着火温度随挥发分增加呈严格递减的趋势变化;得到了煤尘层厚度和最低着火温度的函数关系式,通过试验得到了挥发分质量分数为37.45%煤尘的重要常数M和N。     

低强度超声对短程硝化污泥活性的影响

为提高短程硝化反硝化脱氮效率,采用低强度超声对短程硝化反应进行强化,通过对比氨氧化率和亚硝酸盐生产量,考察低强度超声对短程硝化污泥活性影响。首先,通过对超声能量的优化试验,发现低强度超声能够提升短程硝化污泥反应速率,且超声能量为43.20 kJ时氨氧化率和亚硝酸盐生成量最大;然后考察超声能量与污泥浓度的关系。结果表明:1)在相同超声能量(43.20 kJ)条件下,随着污泥质量浓度(0.34~1.03 g VSS/L)增加,能量密度降低,反应速率不断提高;2)保持污泥浓度恒定,增加超声能量,发现在43.20 kJ时短程硝化污泥活性最好,氨氧化速率比对照组提高25.42%,继续增加能量后去除速率开始下降,原因是适宜的能量会增加微生物细胞壁和细胞膜的通透性,加快基质传递和反应速率,提高微生物活性,但当所施加能量超出其所能承受范围,则会对微生物内部产生损害,降低其活性;3)考察超声能量对胞外聚合物浓度和酶活性影响,在43.20 kJ条件下,多糖、蛋白质和胞外聚合物(EPS)浓度分别提高了18.32%、26.54%和22.05%,氨单加氧酶活性增加19.82%。研究表明,由于低强度超声作用加快胞外聚合物分泌,增加生物酶活性,进而促进了短程硝化污泥反应速率。     

戊唑醇粉尘最小点火能试验研究

采用1.2 L哈特曼管爆炸装置分别对粒径小于54μm、74μm、150μm及大于150μm的戊唑醇粉尘进行测试。针对戊唑醇粉尘浓度及粒径范围对其最小点火能的影响,分别进行单因素试验,并对其危险性进行分级。结果表明,保持粒径小于150μm,环境温度为20℃,喷粉压力为0.7 MPa,在质量浓度100~1 300 g/m~3之间,戊唑醇粉尘的最佳敏感质量浓度ρ_m为983.71 g/m~3,此时的最小点火能为404.74 mJ。保持戊唑醇粉尘质量浓度为900 g/m~3,环境温度为20℃,喷粉压力为0.7 MPa不变,粒径小于54μm、74μm、150μm及大于150μm的戊唑醇粉尘的最小点火能分别为10 mJ、100 mJ、400 mJ和1 000 mJ以上。因此,判定戊唑醇粉尘最小点火能属于M2级,为特别着火敏感性。     

Understanding the context of alcohol impaired driving for fatal crash–involved drivers: A descriptive case analysis

Objective: The objective of this study was to understand the social context and circumstances surrounding alcohol-impaired driving prior to fatal crash involvement for drivers with an illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC ≥ 0.05 g/100 ml or 0.00 g/100 ml for restricted license holders).

Methods: Coroners' case reports investigating fatal crashes in South Australia over a 3-year period (2008–2010) were examined. The personal and crash characteristics of drivers with an illegal BAC were compared with those who had a legal BAC. For each driver with an illegal BAC, information was recorded including characteristics of last trip, location and social context of alcohol consumption, quantity and type of alcohol consumed, BAC level, presence of drugs, perceived alcohol intoxication, and alcohol dependence. Official traffic offense records were also obtained.

Results: Of the 284 fatal crashes included in the study, 34% (n = 95) involved a driver or rider with an illegal BAC. Prior to the crash, alcohol was most frequently consumed by drivers in rural areas, within private homes, and was part of normal social activities. Drivers recorded a high level of alcohol impairment, with a mean BAC of 0.173 g/100 ml and a level of alcohol dependence that was above the Australian national average (7.4 vs. 3.9%). In addition, 23% of drivers were known to be experiencing psychological stress at the time of the crash. The results also confirm that drink driving recidivism continues to be a significant problem, with 44% of drivers recording at least one prior alcohol driving offense.

Conclusions: Alcohol-impaired driving continues to be a leading cause of fatal crashes. The popularity of drinking at home, particularly in rural areas, has implications for police enforcement strategies and suggests that drink driving interventions that focus on community values and looking after friends might be beneficial. Importantly, the study highlights the need for a broader holistic approach to reduce the high levels of alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence underlying drink driving behavior.     

三级AO耦合工艺低温污水处理脱氮机理

采用分段进水三级AO耦合流离生化工艺处理低温废水,在温度为（10±1）℃条件下,控制HRT为8h,进水流量分配比为3：2：1,污泥回流比为50%,考察耦合工艺对低温污水中污染物的去除效果、反应器内污染物变化规律、各级氮去除规律及系统硝化反硝化性能.研究表明：耦合工艺COD及NH₄⁺-N去除效率均超过90%,TN及TP去除效率达到80%,反应器内生物膜污泥浓度在400~800mg/L之间,系统各级NH₄⁺-N去除率均超过80%,缺氧反硝化脱氮率及好氧同步硝化反硝化脱氮率分别为50.15%和26.05%.受底物浓度及功能菌群数量影响,系统第二级比硝化速率及比反硝化速率均最高.     

利用水通道蛋白正渗透膜浓缩生活污水

为从生活污水中回收水资源并同时减少后续处理的反应器容积,本研究采用水通道蛋白正渗透膜对生活污水进行浓缩,并探究不同汲取液对生活污水的浓缩效果和膜污染的影响.在污水体积浓缩至初始的1/10时,氮、磷等浓度浓缩倍数仅为1~3左右,而有机物和金属离子浓度浓缩倍数约为4~7,浓缩后污水COD/TN从2.9增至10.9,生物脱氮潜力明显提高.由于汲取液的盐反向扩散和原料液中污染物浓度的升高,高离子强度是影响污染物截留率的重要原因.浓缩时采用高浓度汲取液会导致膜表面出现结垢,膜污染严重.采用MgCl₂作为汲取液可有效减轻浓缩过程中的盐度累积,且Mg²⁺的作用还可促进微生物活性,但这也可能导致水通道蛋白的分解.     

某酸性矿山排水中溶解性有机物的特征分析

采集安徽某酸性矿山排水（AMD）水库不同离岸距离的表水层水样,结合傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱（FT-ICR MS）与三维荧光光谱（EEMs）技术对水样中溶解性有机物（DOM）来源和组分特征进行分析.三维荧光结果表明,样品中内源性色氨酸类荧光峰峰强与离岸距离正相关,且基于三维荧光特征指数（FI,HIX,BIX）分析判断DOM主要来自于内源.FT-ICR MS在分子层面进一步表明,内源性组分（脂类,脂肪族/蛋白类,糖类）在近岸点样品DOM所占比重相对较低（66%）.AMD中DOM的主要成分为CHO（40%~50%）、CHON（25%~30%）、CHOS （22%~36%）等化合物.DOM包含有高比例的CHOS化合物主要与AMD水体高浓度硫酸盐有关.     

Nitrate removal from aqueous solutions by magnetic cationic hydrogel: Effect of electrostatic adsorption and mechanism

Excessive nitrate(NO_3~-) is among the most problematic surface water and groundwater pollutants.In this study,a type of magnetic cationic hydrogel(MCH) is employed for NO_3~-adsorption and well characterized herein.Its adsorption capacity is considerably pHdependent and achieves the optimal adsorption(maximum NO_3~--adsorption capacity is95.88±1.24 mg/g) when the pH level is 5.2-8.8.The fitting result using the homogeneous surface diffusion model indicates that the surface/film diffusion controls the adsorption rate,and NO_3~-approaches the center of MCH particles within 30 min.The diffusion coefficient(D_s) and external mass transfer coefficient(k_F) in the liquid phase are1.15 × 10~(-6) cm~2/min and 4.5 × 10~(-6) cm/min,respectively.The MCH is employed to treat surface water that contains 10 mg/L of NO_3~-,and it is found that the optimal magnetic separation time is 1.6 min.The high-efficiency mass transfer and magnetic separation of MCH during the adsorption-regeneration process favors its application in surface water treatment.Furthermore,the study of the mechanism involved reveals that both-N~+(CH_3)_3 groups and NO_3~-are convoluted in adsorption via electrostatic interactions.It is further found that ion exchange between NO_3~-and chlorine occurs.