移动床生物反应器处理染料化工废水工艺研究

鉴于生物膜对降解有毒难降解废水有重要作用 ,故采用移动床生物反应器处理染料化工废水。试验结果表明 ,采用该工艺处理染料废水具有较好的处理效果 ,停留时间为 16h,其处理结果相当于活性污泥法 32h的处理效果 ,而且出水比较稳定。在进水CODCr低于 70 0mg L条件下 ,出水CODCr低于 2 0 0mg L     

Kinetics of ammonium removal with suspended and immobilized nitrifying bacteria in different reactor systems

The degradation of ammonium by free and immobilized bacteria in different reactor systems was investigated. It was found that the start-up of a nitrifying system is enhanced if a reservoir of immobilized bacteria is present. It was also found that in a single stage system with suspended nitrifying bacteria a stable ammonium removal > 95 % could be established up to an influent ammonium concentration of 1000 mg/1 and a volumetric loading rate (VLR) of 2.3 kg NH₄⁺ m⁻³ d⁻¹. The oxygen uptake rate (OUR) due to nitrification processes was greatly enhanced with increasing volumetric loading rates. Using nitrifying bacteria immobilized on Siran material it was demonstrated that the ammonium degradation rate was directly proportional to the initial ammonium concentration.     

水中悬浮物测定的质量控制

影响悬浮物测定的因素主要有：样品采集、取样量及测定条件。悬浮物样品采集要注意采样位置和采样深度应合理设定;应单独定容采样,并全部用于分析测试,测定悬浮物的取样量最佳含量为10-100mg;选择适合的滤料与过滤洗涤,以及烘干温度与时间、称量。     

Mobilization and entry of DNAPL pools into finer sand media by cosolvents: two-dimensional chamber studies

Two-dimensional chamber studies were conducted to determine qualitative and quantitative performance of cosolvents targeted at pooled dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) (perchlorethylene, PCE) residing above a fine-grain capillary barrier. Downward mobilization of DNAPL, up gradient along an overriding cosolvent front, was observed. This produced significant pooling above a fine-grain layer that in some cases lead to entry into the capillary barrier beneath. Entry pressure calculations using physical and hydrogeologic parameters provided an excellent prediction of breakthrough of DNAPL into the capillary barrier. Calculations predict approximately 0.5 m of DNAPL would be necessary to enter a Beit Netofa clay, under extreme cosolvent flooding conditions (100% ethanol). Gradient injection of cosolvent did not appear to provide any benefit suggesting a rapid decrease in interfacial tension (IFT) compared to the rate of DNAPL solubilization. Use of a partitioning alcohol (tertiary butyl alcohol, TBA) resulted in DNAPL swelling and reduced entry into the capillary barrier. However, the trapping of flushing solution, containing PCE, could potentially lead to longer remediation times.     

Estimation of critical submergence for an intake in a stratified fluid media by neuro-fuzzy approach

Most of the large surface reservoirs are stably stratified throughout most or all of the year. One means of assisting in the management is to allow for the selective withdrawal from the reservoir. The value of the intake’s submergence when the upper layer fluids begin to be drawn into the intake is known as “critical submergence”. In this study, the critical submergence for a circular intake pipe in a stratified body is investigated. Experiments were conducted on a vertically flowing downward intake pipe in a still-water reservoir. Experimental results are compared with that of the neuro-fuzzy models.     

抚顺城区大气悬浮颗粒物污染与呼吸系统疾病死亡率相关性的定量分析

为了定量分析大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)对居民呼吸系统疾病死亡率的影响,采用单因素泊松(Poisson)回归分析法,研究了辽宁省抚顺市城区TSP浓度变化与市区1999～2003年呼吸系统疾病死亡率的相关关系.结果发现,在消除了时间、气象等因素影响后,滞后4日TSP浓度每增加50μg·m-3,呼吸系统疾病总人群组死亡率相对危险度(OR)增加1.02195(95%CI=1.00195～1.04245),即滞后4日TSP浓度变化造成总人群组呼吸系统疾病死亡率明显增加的超额死亡率为2.195%.抚顺城区大气TSP污染可能是市区居民呼吸系统疾病死亡率增加的原因之一.     

污水在线监测系统的建设与使用

文章介绍了在线监测系统的仪器配备、测量原理、设备特点及使用情况。污水在线监测系统通过对COD、氨氮、悬浮物、水中油、硬度五种监测仪器的组合,实现了油田污水再利用方面水质化验的简化工序,对水质污染物进行实时监测。运行经验表明,依靠该系统测量的数据可有效提高污水的监测水平,使之达到生产要求,对监测不合格的污水及时调整和处理,并可进行远输、传控。     

一体式膜生物反应器污水资源化技术研究

膜生物反应器是高效的污水处理工艺,但其高气水比运行条件产生的动力消耗与国外膜组件昂贵的价格成为膜生物反应器在我国应用的主要限制因素。为此本研究采用分体曝气形式,选择国产高抗污性能PVDF中空纤维膜,设计了间歇式膜生物反应器,研究了污泥浓度、曝气量和水力停留时间对一体式膜生物反应器去除污染物效果的影响。在低气水比条件下,MBR处理生活污水的研究表明,出水COD<50mg/L,BOD<10mg/L,NH3—N<20mg/L,浊度<3NTU,悬浮固体浓度为零,优于生活杂用水水质标准(CJ25.1-89)。     

Monitoring of Daily Integrated Exposure of Outdoor Workers to Respirable Particulate Matter in an Urban Region of India

It is more and more recognised that an estimation of the exposure of the population to air pollutants is more relevant than the ambient air quality, since it gives a better indication of health risk. Outdoor workers in an urban region are generally of low income status and are exposed to higher levels of both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Hence respondents from this population subgroup have been selected for this study. Outdoor workers are divided into two categories, viz. traffic constables and casual outdoor workers like watchmen, roadside shopkeepers etc. Most of the respondents are from the lower income group. Each respondent is monitored for a continuous 48-hour period. The sampling frequency is once a week.The study region is situated in the north-west part of the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation. It can be classified as industrial cum residential area. The daily integrated exposure of the outdoor workers consists of two major micro-environments, viz. occupational and indoor residential.A personal air sampler was used along with a cyclone to measure levels of Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM). The cyclone has a 50% removal efficiency for particle diameter of 5 m. Paired samples of PM10 (ambient) and RPM (personal) were collected to establish the correlation between them. The average 24-hour integrated exposure to RPM was 322 g/m3 and exceeded the corresponding PM10 level observed at the nearest Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station by a factor of 2.25. The 90% confidence interval for this exposure is 283–368 g/m3. This study clearly demonstrates that the daily integrated exposure and therefore the health risk of outdoor workers in an urban area is significantly more serious than that indicated by ambient air quality data.