DPB污泥浓度对反硝化除磷的影响

为了进一步了解反硝化聚磷菌（DPB）污泥质量浓度（MLSS）对反硝化除磷过程的影响,进行一系列厌氧、缺氧模拟试验．研究考察DPB污泥的MLSS对厌氧释磷、缺氧反硝化吸磷的影响。结果表明：MLSS越高,释、吸磷速率及反硝化速率越高;MLSS对释、吸磷比速率和反硝化比速率的影响较小;厌氧总释磷量由污水中可利用COD的多少决定,DPB污泥的MLSS只影响到达释磷平衡的时间：污水中含氮量偏低引起反硝化吸磷段NO3^-不足时,DPB污泥厌氧释磷量高于反硝化吸磷量．MLSS越高经缺氧反硝化吸磷处理后水中含磷量越高。     

西江上游河水悬浮物中稀土元素的地球化学特征

采用改进的BCR逐级提取法和ICP-MS测试技术,对西江上游河流悬浮物中稀土元素进行了研究。结果表明:河流悬浮物稀土元素总量的含量变化范围在188～402mg/kg之间,并主要来源于流域内岩石的风化,反映了源区的物质特征。西江上游河水悬浮物中三种非稳定态(即酸可提取态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物硫化物结合态)稀土元素页岩(PAAS)标准化配分模式均显示出中稀土富集的特征。这种配分模式可能是由于流域内广布的海相沉积岩中磷酸盐矿物的风化所造成的。稳定态(即残渣态)的配分曲线较为平直,没有体现出明显的稀土分异。悬浮态稀土各赋存形态含量的顺序为:残渣态有机物硫化物结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态酸可提取态。中稀土元素Sm、Eu、Gd相对于轻、重稀土元素的稳定态所占比例偏低,而相对于三种非稳定态所占比例偏高,反映了其潜在的地球化学活性。     

室内空气污染的来源及控制措施

随着经济的发展和人们生活水平的提高,室内空气污染逐渐成为人们关心的环境问题之一。室内空气污染物包括悬浮固体污染物和气体污染物,其中可吸入颗粒物对人体呼吸系统有极大危害;气体污染物主要包括有机气体污染物、无机气体污染物和放射性气体污染物,它们可以引起病态建筑综合症（SBS）、化学物质过敏症等相关病症。本文分析了各种室内空气污染的来源,并据此提出室内空气污染的防控措施。     

Contributions of biofilm and suspended sludge to nitrogen transformation and nitrous oxide emission in hybrid sequencing batch system

Hybrid system combines the nature of suspended growth and attached growth has been widely applied to wastewater treatment. In this research, the contributions to N transformation and N2O emission by biofilm and suspended sludge in the hybrid sequencingbatch reactor for a simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal process were investigated. For the hybrid system, nitrification occurred mostly in the suspended sludge, while the biofilm played the major role in denitrification. The interaction of the biofilm and the suspended sludge in the same reactor resulted in a better overall nitrogen removal performance with simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. However, N2O emission was the main end product of nitrogen removal for the hybrid system; while it was N2 for the biofilm. The relative low N2O emissions from the pure biofilm and the pure suspended sludge corresponded to the relatively high nitrate at the end of the aeration period compared with the hybrid system.     

Numerical simulation of a horizontal sedimentation tank considering sludge recirculation

Most research conducted on the concentration distribution of sediment in the sedimentation tank does not consider the role of the suction dredge. To analyze concentration distribution more accurately, a suspended sediment transportation model was constructed and the velocity field in the sedimentation tank was determined based on the influence of the suction dredge. An application model was then used to analyze the concentration distribution in the sedimentation tank when the suction dredge was fixed, with results showing that distribution was in accordance with theoretical analysis. The simulated value of the outlet concentration was similar to the experimental value, and the trends of the isoconcentration distribution curves, as well as the vertical distribution curves of the five monitoring sections acquired through simulations, were almost the same as curves acquired through experimentation. The di erences between the simulated values and the experimental values were significant.     

麦草浆黑液固形物热解特性及动力学研究

通过热重分析实验和固定床热解实验研究了麦草碱性亚硫酸钠-蒽醌法制纸桨黑液固形物的热解特性和热解产物分布。结果表明:黑液固形物热解过程分为干燥脱水、有机物热解和无机物转化三个阶段,主要失重发生在200～550℃间;在热重分析基础上按一级反应动力学模型得到了黑液固形物热解各阶段的动力学参数;实验条件下,麦草浆黑液固形物固定床热解后约三分之一转化为挥发分,余下为固体残渣。     

Sludge granulation and e ciency of phase separator in UASB reactor treating combined industrial e uent

Sludge granulation and the effect of gas-liquid-solid separator （GLSS） design on the efficiency of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket （UASB） and upflow anaerobic sludge filter （UASF） reactors, operating at HRTs ranging from 3 to 12 h was investigated. VSS/TS ratio gradually increased in both the reactors with increasing sludge age （from 0.5 to more than 0.7 for UASB reactor and 0.012 to 0.043 for UASF reactor）. X-Ray diffraction analysis of the UASF sludge showed the presence of expanding clays revealing its additional absorption capability. Fuoraphyllite and albite precipitation related to excellular polymers of the microbial shell structure, showed the extended growth of microorganisms during sludge granulation. A gradual decrease （82%-69%） in COD removal with decreasing HRT was apparent in UASF reactor. In case of UASB reactor, this decrease was marginal because addition of GLSS device significantly improved （14%-20%） the overall efficiency of the UASB reactor. GLSS enhanced the efficiency of the UASB reactor by increasing the settleability of suspended particles and accelerating the coagulation of colloidal particles due to the velocity gradient.     

悬浮颗粒物对海面溢油的吸附模式

为更好地了解悬浮颗粒物（SPM）作用下沉潜油的形成速度和程度,选择取自渤海南部油田（YYH）、辽河油田（LH）和中东原油（ZD）的3种原油,模拟研究了高岭土和试验原油的相互作用.结果表明,3种试验油的吸附动力学过程基本相似,沉潜率随振荡时间呈指数形式增长后趋于稳定.高岭土对原油的吸附满足Langmuir等温吸附式,基本属于单分子层吸附,YYH、LX和ZD的饱和吸附量分别为914,1297,2083mg/g.当SPM的浓度为500mg/L时,YYH、LX和ZD的最大沉潜率分别为37%、45%和59%.以吸附作用机理为基础,讨论了分散的油滴在颗粒物-水界面的分配特征,提供了1种模式计算沉潜率随悬浮颗粒物浓度变化的关系式.本研究可为沉潜油形成及漂移扩散数值模式研究提供基础数据和科学参考.     

我国城市大气颗粒物重金属污染研究进展与趋势

为研究我国城市大气重金属(Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、As、Hg)污染水平与特征,本文收集了近年发表的相关文献,并梳理统计了国内46个主要城市重金属数据。研究发现,我国城市大气重金属污染水平差异很大,各重金属浓度大致呈Zn>Pb>Cr≈Cu>As>Ni>Cd>Hg的分布规律;在时空分布上,表现为北方高于南方,内地高于沿海,冬春季高于夏秋季。其中,北方城市大气重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn、Hg、As分别比南方城市高40. 3%、14. 3%、42,7%、140%、60. 8%、27. 7%和86%。我国城市大气重金属来源多样,主要有生活来源、工业来源、交通来源和其他来源。此外,由于不同重金属赋存形态的差异,其生物有效性也存在很大差别。鉴于城市大气重金属污染已经对居民身体健康构成潜在威胁,建议今后应从大气细粒子和超细粒子、重金属赋存形态、重金属毒理学以及健康风险评价等方面加大研究力度。     

Effectiveness of aerobic pretreatment of municipal solid waste for accelerating biogas generation during simulated landfilling

Effect of aerobic pretreatment of MSW on landfill gas generation was investigated. Volatile solid (VS) loss of MSW is an effective and comparable indicator. Chinese MSW requires at least a reduction of VS about 27% (w/w) prior to disposal. Aerobic pretreatment of MSW reduced lag phase more than 90% before methanogenesis. Aerobic pretreatment degree influences quantity of gas generation. This study evaluates the effectiveness of aerobic pretreatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) on reducing lag phase and accelerating biogas generation. Aerobic pretreatment degree (APD) was determined on the basis of reduction in volatile solids (VS) on a wet weight basis. In this study, intermittent aeration (IA) was applied to three reactors as a main aeration mode; since a single reactor was operated under continuous aeration mode. However, the purpose of the experiment was to reduce VS content of waste, irrespective of the comparison between aeration modes. Fresh MSW was first pretreated aerobically with different aeration rates (10, 40, 60 and 85 L/min/m³) for the period of 30–50 days, resulting in VS-loss equivalent to 20%, 27%, 38% and 53% on w/w basis for the wastes A1, A2, A3 and A4, respectively. The cumulative biogas production, calculated based on the modified Gompertz model were 384, 195, 353, 215, and 114 L/kg VS for the wastes A0, A1, A2, A3 and A4, respectively. Untreated waste (A0) showed a long lag phase; whereas the lag phases of pretreated MSW were reduced by more than 90%. Aerobically pretreated wastes reached stable methanogenic phase within 41 days compared to 418 days for untreated waste. The waste mass decreased by about 8% to 27% compared to untreated MSW, indicative that even more MSW could be placed in the same landfill. The study confirmed the effectiveness of aerobic pretreatment of MSW prior to landfilling on reducing lag phase and accelerating biogas generation.