Using turbidity and acoustic backscatter intensity as surrogate measures of suspended sediment concentration in a small subtropical estuary

The suspended sediment concentration is a key element in stream monitoring, although the turbidity and acoustic Doppler backscattering may be suitable surrogate measures. Herein a series of new experiments were conducted in laboratory under controlled conditions using water and mud samples collected in a small subtropical estuary of Eastern Australia. The relationship between suspended sediment concentration and turbidity exhibited a linear relationship, while the relationships between suspended sediment concentration and acoustic backscatter intensity showed a monotonic increase. The calibration curves were affected by both sediment material characteristics and water quality properties, implying that the calibration of an acoustic Doppler system must be performed with the waters and soil materials of the natural system. The results were applied to some field studies in the estuary during which the acoustic Doppler velocimeter was sampled continuously at high frequency. The data yielded the instantaneous suspended sediment flux per unit area in the estuarine zone. They showed some significant fluctuations in instantaneous suspended mass flux, with a net upstream-suspended mass flux during flood tide and net downstream sediment flux during ebb tide. For each tidal cycle, the integration of the suspended sediment flux per unit area data with respect of time yielded some net upstream sediment flux in average.     

A long-term survey on anthropogenic impacts to the water quality of coral reefs, southern Taiwan

Before 2001, the ecological protection area in the Kenting National Park (KTNP), southern Taiwan, was poorly described. In this study, a set of four-year data (2001-2004) of seawater qualities at 19 sampling sites around the Nanwan Bay in the KTNP was used to explore anthropogenic impacts to ecological environment, especially coral reefs. The parameters of water quality were analyzed immediately after collection. The results showed that higher values of nutrients and suspended solids were attributed to the higher run-off around Nanwan Bay. The fluxes of nutrients and suspended solids were consistently correlated to rainfall. Hence, equations were developed to calculate nutrient fluxes and suspended solids by using only rainfall data. Our results show that suspended solids and ammonia were the dominant factors leading to the drop in coral coverage. In summary, the water quality in the intertidal zone of Nanwan Bay has been degraded and required greater attention.     

利用基因工程菌BL21处理有机磷混合农药废水的研究

研究了悬浮状态和固定化状态的基因工程菌BL21对有机磷混合农药废水的降解特性.工程菌能快速、高效地降解有机磷混合农药,其最适底物是对硫磷,而马拉硫磷不能被工程菌降解.不同农药降解速率的差别造成了不同有机磷农药的降解过程需要用不同的动力学模型来描述.比较固定化状态和悬浮状态的工程菌的降解效果可知,固定化工程菌的降解活性较后者明显降低,其比降解速率大约仅为后者的20%.考察固定化工程菌长期运行的效果,发现其降解活性保存良好,工程菌稳定性大大提高,未出现固定化细胞溶涨、破碎现象.固定化后,工程菌的比降解速率虽然比悬浮工程菌降低了,但固定化工程菌更适用于长期运行的废水处理系统.     

Assessment of sediment concentration and nutrient loads in effluents drained from extensively managed fishponds in France

Expansion of aquaculture has increased concern over its environmental impact. The composition of effluents from intensive aquaculture is well documented, but few data on extensive aquaculture are available. During 12 draining operations, 523 water samples were collected downstream from six extensively-managed fishponds in northeastern France. Study ponds had surface areas of 2-620 ha and were managed for production of Cyprinids and Percids. Concentrations of total suspended solids, total phosphorus, and Kjeldahl nitrogen in effluents from the ponds were greatest during the final stage of draining. Loads of phosphorus were higher than those reported for effluents of more intensive aquaculture ponds in the USA, but the source of the potential pollutants was catchments and sediment rather than feeds and fertilizer. It will be necessary to reduce the water drawdown rate during the fishing stage and possibly implement other best management practices to prevent the TSS concentration from exceeding 1 g/L.     

Chemical oxygen demand reduction in coffee wastewater through chemical flocculation and advanced oxidation processes

The removal of the natural organic matter present in coffee processing wastewater through chemical coagulation-flocculation and advanced oxidation processes （AOP） had been studied. The effectiveness of the removal of natural organic matter using commercial flocculants and UV/H202, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3 processes was determined under acidic conditions. For each of these processes, different operational conditions were explored to optimize the treatment efficiency of the coffee wastewater. Coffee wastewater is characterized by a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and low total suspended solids. The outcomes of coffee wastewater treatment using coagulation-flocculation and photodegradation processes were assessed in terms of reduction of COD, color, and turbidity. It was found that a reduction in COD of 67% could be realized when the coffee wastewater was treated by chemical coagulation-flocculation with lime and coagulant T-1. When coffee wastewater was treated by coagulation-flocculation in combination with UV/H2O2, a COD reduction of 86% was achieved, although only after prolonged UV irradiation. Of the three advanced oxidation processes considered, UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3, we found that the treatment with UV/H2O2/O3 was the most effective, with an efficiency of color, turbidity and further COD removal of 87%, when applied to the flocculated coffee wastewater.     

太湖水体中悬浮物研究

为了全面了解太湖水中悬浮物的物质组成、变化规律,选取了太湖站近10年来各测点的连续观测资料及2次定点观测资料,分析了太湖水体中悬浮物的无机和有机颗粒成份、时空分布、垂直变化、与风速、风向的关系以及与重要光 学参数的关系。研究结果表明：太湖悬浮物中有机物大概占30%;浓度大小的湖区分布大致是：湖心区＞河口区、梅梁湖、贡湖、五里湖＞东太湖;悬浮物浓度的季节变化是：湖心区冬季、春季＞秋季＞夏季,东太湖冬季＞春季、夏季、秋季,其他湖区则没有明显季节变化;垂直分布是：深层＞表层并且底泥悬浮的临界风速在5~6.5 m/s之间;悬浮物浓度的增加是引起湖水透明度降低和光学衰减系数增大的主要原因。     

长江宜昌水文站流量、含沙量和悬移质粒度关系

以长江宜昌水文观测站实测资料为基础，基于长江上游河道特点，用回归分析的方法研究了宜昌站流量、含沙量与悬移质泥沙粒度的复杂关系。通过对流量、含沙量多年年内变化的正相关特性的分析，建立了流量与含沙量之间相应的回归模型；通过对流量与悬移质粒度复杂关系的研究，揭示了二者明显的双值关系以及水流挟沙力的控制性影响。对水文数据年际变化的研究表明由于短时间尺度内长江上游流量没有阶段性变化，流量与含沙量之间相关性不是很好，丰水年不一定是丰沙年；悬移质粒度与流量变化基本上不存在周期性变化。     

地表水中悬浮物含量和粒径对磷测定的影响

我国地表水体悬浮物含量和颗粒粒径组成的时空分异明显。该研究筛分3种粒径颗粒,研究不同粒径颗粒中赋存的磷形态及其解吸-吸附磷的能力特性差异,探讨不同悬浮物含量引起水体总磷(TP)测定结果偏差情况及改进建议。结果表明,粒径d<30 μm颗粒所赋存总磷、生物有效态磷含量明显高于50~150 μm、30~50 μm颗粒,水空白环境下粒径<30 μm颗粒所释放磷量也最高,等温吸附条件下粒径<30 μm颗粒具有更高的磷吸附能力。通过Freundlich交叉型吸附曲线拟合,粒径50~150 μm、30~50 μm、<30 μm颗粒的磷解吸-吸附平衡质量浓度分别为0.84、0.63、0.58 mg/L,粒径<30 μm颗粒在地表Ⅰ~Ⅴ类水体(TP≤0.4 mg/L)中更易达到磷解吸-吸附平衡状态。我国地表一般水体中悬浮物含量大多在零至几千mg/L范围,而使用 "静沉30min-消解" 国标前处理方法无法保证统一的沉降效果,使得水体TP含量测定结果偏低或偏高。针对地表一般水体,建议同时增加"混匀-消解-过滤"前处理方法测定水体TP含量作为参考。