超声-Fe2+-K2S2O8/NaHSO3体系降解罗丹明B

采用超声促进、Fe²⁺活化的K₂S₂O₈/NaHSO₃联合体系（US-Fe²⁺-K₂S₂O₈/NaHSO₃体系）降解罗丹明B（RhB）。考察了RhB模拟废水脱色效果的影响因素,并研究了不同处理方法的协同效应,推测了反应机理。实验结果表明：在反应温度25 ℃、初始pH 5.18、超声功率250 W、K₂S₂O₈溶液（4.91 mmol/L）加入量1.2 mL、NaHSO₃溶液（4.91 mmol/L）加入量1.2 mL、n（K₂S₂O₈）∶n（Fe²⁺）=10、反应时间7 min的条件下,RhB模拟废水（50 mL）的脱色率达到89.45%;超声与Fe²⁺-K₂S₂O₈/NaHSO₃体系对RhB的降解产生了协同效应,降解反应符合表观一级反应动力学,速率常数增强因子可达13.6。自由基猝灭实验结果表明,硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基是攻击RhB 分子的活性自由基,硫酸根自由基起主要作用。     

水中染料酸性嫩黄的超声/H2O2降解动力学研究

采用超声/H2O2降解水中酸性嫩黄染料,探讨了超声波/H2O2降解酸性嫩黄的动力学规律并考察了超声波功率、染料初始浓度、H2O2用量以及初始pH对降解速率的影响。结果表明,超声波对酸性嫩黄的降解以及超声波/H2O2对酸性嫩黄的协同降解均符合一级反应动力学规律,降解速率常数随超声波功率的增大而增大,随染料初始浓度的增大而减小;投加适量的H2O2可提高降解速率,但H2O2用量过高反而会使降解速率减慢;溶液pH<5时,降解速率较快,且pH越小,降解速率越快;pH≥5时,降解速率较慢。     

汞和砷单一及联合暴露对日本沼虾的氧化应激效应

为深入探讨汞(Hg)和砷(As)对水生生物的慢性毒性效应,以日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)为受试生物,以超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、金属硫蛋白(MT)和丙二醛(MDA)为测试分子标志物,研究上覆水中不同浓度Hg和As单一及联合暴露对日本沼虾肝胰腺的氧化损伤及联合作用机制。结果表明:Hg和As单一及联合暴露对4种分子标志物均可产生不同程度的抑制或激活效应。其中,SOD活性均受到抑制,且高浓度As(1000μg·L-1)暴露10 d的抑制率最大,高达59.13%;而CAT活性整体被激活,Hg单独暴露下的激活效应要高于As,且在联合暴露组中随着暴露时间的增加呈现出显著的剂量效应关系(P0.05);MT和MDA含量在Hg和As的暴露下均显著增加(P0.05)。其中MT对Hg的螯合能力大于As,As单独暴露3 d后MDA变化较小,但10 d后其含量显著增加(P0.05)。析因方差分析发现,Hg-As对机体的联合作用机制主要表现为协同作用。综合生物标志物响应指数(IBR)评价证实,联合毒性要高于单独毒性,Hg与As在高浓度下联合暴露10 d的IBR值最大,毒性最强,高浓度As单独暴露处理组的毒性次之;同时,机体自身随暴露时间延长对Hg也表现出一定的解毒功能。     

Modeling radiative effects of haze on summer-time convective precipitation over North China: a case study

We modeled the impact of haze radiative effects on precipitation in North China. Shortwave heating induced by haze radiative effects would reduce heavy rainfalls. Convection was the key factor that whether precipitation was enhanced or suppressed. Precipitation was often suppressed where CAPE, RH and updraft velocities were high. The impact of haze radiative effect on summertime 24-h convective precipitation over North China was investigated using WRF model (version 3.3) through model sensitivity studies between scenarios with and without aerosol radiative effects. The haze radiative effect was represented by incorporating an idealized aerosol optical profile, with AOD values around 1, derived from the aircraft measurement into the WRF shortwave scheme. We found that the shortwave heating induced by aerosol radiative effects would significantly reduce heavy rainfalls, although its effect on the post-frontal localized thunderstorm precipitation was more diverse. To capture the key factors that determine whether precipitation is enhanced or suppressed, model grids with 24-h precipitation difference between the two scenarios exceeding certain threshold (>30 mm or<-30 mm) were separated into two sets. Analyses of key meteorological variables between the enhanced and suppressed regimes suggested that atmospheric convection was the most important factor that determined whether precipitation was enhanced or suppressed during summertime over North China. The convection was stronger over places with precipitation enhancement over 30 mm. Haze weakened the convection over places with precipitation suppression exceeding 30 mm and caused less water vapor to rise to a higher level and thus further suppressed precipitation. The suppression of precipitation was often accompanied with relatively high convective available potential energy (CAPE), relative humidity (RH) and updraft velocities.     

国内外少数民族村寨旅游研究进展

近年来,少数民族村寨的旅游发展引起了社会各界的广泛关注,旅游者对其兴趣浓厚,倍加青睐,国内外学者们纷纷探讨了适合少数民族村寨旅游发展的道路.归纳发现,国内外学者在研究内容上存在着一定的差异,通过总结他们集中探讨的问题,给我国少数民族村寨旅游发展提供一定的借鉴.     

19种动植物粗提物对锦鲤诱食活性的研究

以16种植物和3种动物提取物作为实验材料,以体长为3—5cm的锦鲤为实验对象,采用触球法进行诱食活性研究,5次重复试验,并利用SPSS软件进行分析。结果表明,大蒜、浒苔、洋葱、西红柿、江蓠、陈皮、橙子、山楂、紫菜提取物和海星、海蜇、牡蛎提取物对锦鲤显示出诱食反应。其中,大蒜P=0.0010.05、浒苔P=0.0020.05、江蓠P=0.0040.05、陈皮P=0.0370.05、海星P=0.0030.05,说明大蒜、浒苔、江蓠、陈皮、海星对锦鲤的诱食反应有显著意义。     

生物与化学表面活性剂协同洗脱土壤中PCBs的研究

通过序批实验和土柱淋洗实验研究了由生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂(RL)与非离子化学表面活性剂十二烷基醇聚氧乙烯(6)醚(POE(6))混合得到的复配试剂洗脱污染土壤中多氯联苯(PCBs)的作用效果及其作用机理。结果表明,同一土样中,从批实验得到的PCBs洗脱率略高于土柱淋洗实验。RL与POE(6)两种单一试剂对人工污染土样中的PCBs洗脱率均大于60%,而对陈化土样中的洗脱率均不到20%,且土壤中的TOC含量越高,PCBs的洗脱率越低。在质量浓度为301 mg/L(10 CMC)及1 505 mg/L(50 CMC)的RL-POE(6)复配试剂中,RL与POE(6)对人工污染土壤中PCBs的洗脱具有一定的协同作用。当复配试剂的浓度为301 mg/L时,RL与POE(6)对陈化土样中PCBs的洗脱没有协同作用;但当RL-POE(6)的浓度增加到1 505 mg/L时,RL与POE(6)对陈化土样中PCBs的洗脱具有明显的协同作用。     

上海城市地貌形变的生态环境效应及应对策略

地貌环境与城市化相互关系是城市自然地理学研究的核心,从城市地貌学角度分析了上海城市地貌特点和地貌形变过程,探讨了城市地貌形变与城市生态环境之间的关系,特别是城市地貌形变引起的一系列生态环境效应,如城市防汛压力增大、地面积水愈加严重、城市河流淤积加厚、城市植被生境趋于单一等。在此基础上提出了三大应对策略:(1)在黄浦江下游河口尽早修建挡潮闸;(2)沿黄浦江、苏州河修建生态防汛墙;(3)及时进行城市规划调整,在再城市化过程中合理规划城市水面率和城市蓝线宽度,依据地貌形变的强弱来增加负地形(河流、湖泊)的比例,使已经损失的地面标高得到一定的补偿。上海只有充分重视城市地貌特点才能走上安全、健康、持续的城市发展道路。     

Seabird feathers as monitors of the levels and persistence of heavy metal pollution after the Prestige oil spill

We measured heavy metal concentrations in yellow-legged gulls (n = 196) and European shags (n = 189) in order to assess the temporal pattern of contaminant exposure following the Prestige oil spill in November 2002. We analysed Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and V levels in chick feathers sampled at four colonies during seven post-spill years (2003-2009), and compared results with pre-spill levels obtained from feathers of juvenile shag corpses (grown in spring/summer 2002). Following the Prestige wreck, Cu (4.3-10 μg g⁻¹) and Pb concentrations (1.0-1.4 μg g⁻¹) were, respectively, between two and five times higher than pre-spill levels (1.5-3.6 and 0.1-0.4 μg g⁻¹), but returned to previous background concentrations after three years. Our study highlights the suitability of chick feathers of seabirds for assessing the impact of oil spills on heavy metal contamination, and provides the best evidence to date on the persistence of oil pollution after the Prestige incident.     

Aqueous solubility, effects of salts on aqueous solubility, and partitioning behavior of hexafluorobenzene: experimental results and COSMO-RS predictions

The aqueous solubility of hexafluorobenzene has been determined, at 298.15 K, using a shake-flask method with a spectrophotometric quantification technique. Furthermore, the solubility of hexafluorobenzene in saline aqueous solutions, at distinct salt concentrations, has been measured. Both salting-in and salting-out effects were observed and found to be dependent on the nature of the cationic/anionic composition of the salt. COSMO-RS, the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents, has been used to predict the corresponding aqueous solubilities at conditions similar to those used experimentally. The prediction results showed that the COSMO-RS approach is suitable for the prediction of salting-in/-out effects. The salting-in/-out phenomena have been rationalized with the support of COSMO-RS σ-profiles. The prediction potential of COSMO-RS regarding aqueous solubilities and octanol-water partition coefficients has been compared with typically used QSPR-based methods. Up to now, the absence of accurate solubility data for hexafluorobenzene hampered the calculation of the respective partition coefficients. Combining available accurate vapor pressure data with the experimentally determined water solubility, a novel air-water partition coefficient has been derived.