DMMP对二甲醚层流预混火焰的影响研究

二甲醚(DME)作为可再生的清洁燃料,因为其优越的性能而越来越受关注,但与此同时其燃烧的安全性却容易被忽视。自蒙特利尔议定书以后,含磷化合物成为抑制碳氢化合物火焰最理想的卤代烷替代物,选取甲基磷酸二甲酯(DMMP)应用于二甲醚火焰,基于分层结构首次构筑了DME/DMMP详细化学反应机理。通过模拟研究发现,DMMP对DME层流预混火焰表现出与碳氢火焰同样明显的抑制作用。进一步进行火焰抑制机理分析,结果显示DMMP对DME层流火焰的抑制主要是因为PO_2和HOPO的循环反应促进了H和OH重组,同时得出DMMP对DME富燃火焰抑制更有效的结论。     

磷化氢生物净化体系及抑制作用机理

在PH₃生物净化体系中添加呼吸链电子传递抑制剂,对比分析微生物生长代谢、磷的迁移转化、活性氧（ROS）产生及氧化酶活性等变化规律.当鱼藤酮或抗霉素A分别添加至R1、R2PH₃生物反应器后,其微生物体O₂^-·含量在运行时间14~17d期间的平均值分别上升至0.68,0.96mmol/g,明显高于空白对照组R0反应器.除自由基O₂^-·外,另一类型的活性氧HO·也存在于PH₃净化系统中;受累积的活性氧影响,生物体内丙二醛（MDA）含量处于较高水平,PH₃净化效率通常不超过75%,添加抑制剂的R1与R2反应体系在15~17d期间PH₃平均去除率分别下降至65.1%、59.5%.pH值、ROS含量以及氧化酶活性等因素均明显影响PH₃生物净化效果,当Fe³⁺、Cu²⁺、Mg²⁺等金属阳离子迁移转运至微生物体内时,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）与过氧化氢酶（CATase）活性得以不同程度的增强,可缓解活性物质O₂^-·或HO·导致的氧化胁迫作用,PH₃净化效能得以适度提升.     

钠盐对高负荷餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥中温厌氧混合发酵过程的抑制作用

针对高负荷餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统在实际应用过程中存在的盐度抑制问题,通过批次试验探究了不同钠盐（CH₃COONa、NaCl和Na₂SO₄）对中温混合发酵体系的影响,考察了添加不同浓度钠盐时混合发酵体系的甲烷累积产量、有机物去除率、挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）累积量及水解、酸化、乙酸化和产甲烷速率的抑制作用.结果表明,随着CH₃COONa浓度的增加,相应的甲烷产量逐渐增加,但在高浓度时理论甲烷产量降低,当Na⁺浓度为8 g·L^-1时,对产甲烷抑制率为21%.此外,NaCl和Na₂SO₄对甲烷累积产量具有抑制作用,相同Na⁺浓度下,Na₂SO₄对混合发酵体系甲烷产量的抑制作用更大;当SO₄^2-浓度为8.3 g·L^-1时,相应甲烷抑制率为23%.相反,Cl^-浓度为3.1~6.2 g·L^-1时,对混合发酵过程中甲烷抑制率为4.6%~7.7%;但随着Cl^-浓度增至9.3~12.3 g·L^-1时,甲烷产量提升了14.5%~37.6%.分析认为,NaCl对混合发酵过程有机物去除率的抑制作用主要是Na⁺的影响,而Na₂SO₄的抑制作用主要来源于SO₄^2-和Na⁺的协同作用.NaCl和Na₂SO₄对水解速率和产甲烷速率的抑制作用较大,而对酸化速率和乙酸化速率抑制作用较小.     

稀土离子对超氧阴离子自由基生成的抑制作用

利用肾上腺素在碱性条件下自氧化产生超氧阴离子自由基（O^.-2）的性质，研究了稀土硝酸盐对生成O^.-2的抑制作用。稀土硝酸盐与超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）具有相似的性质，对肾上腺素自氧化生成的O^.-2有明显的抑制作用。抑制率在16．3％－78．4％之间，而且体系中稀土硝酸盐的浓度与其对O^.-2的抑制率之间有明显的剂量效应关系。     

Resistant weeds were controlled by the combined use of herbicides and bioherbicides

The intensive and abundant use of synthetic herbicides has been questioned in recent decades due to the strong dependence and also the resistance effects that are identified in weeds. Several grain crops suffer from the weed control system because many of the weeds are already resistant to the main herbicides that are used. In recent years, there has been a large gap in the market without the addition of new synthetic herbicides with mechanisms of action that differ from those already existing. The objective of this short piece is to address and overcome this challenge and bring an innovative and alternative solution that proposes a synergistic action system between bioherbicides produced by the fungus Trichoderma koningiopsis and synthetic herbicides (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, glyphosate, and ammonium glufosinate). The plants included in this study were Bidens pilosa (amor seco, or in the United States, beggar ticks or Spanish needle), Euphorbia heterophylla (adeus‐brasil), and Conyza bonariensis (margaridinha‐do‐campo, or, in the United States, hairy fleabane or asthmaweed). It was verified that, in the application of the biocomposites in the presence of chemical herbicides, potentiation of the phytotoxic action (100%) occurred under the target plants, emphasizing phytotoxicity to the weed, C. bonariensis, which is currently resistant to available herbicides. The bioherbicides studied have promising characteristics to be explored in the biocontrol of weeds.     

填料吸附-等离子体氧化协同处理苯酚废水

采用低温等离子体协同填料吸附净化苯酚废水。实验结果表明:COD去除率随放电时间延长而增大,随电压的增大COD去除率先增加后略有下降;随原水初始p H值和曝气量的增加COD去除率呈现先增加后减小的趋势。多孔陶瓷、陶粒、4A分子筛、陶瓷拉西环4种填料对苯酚废水COD去除率均有促进效果,但4A分子筛吸附净化效果最佳。实验表明在低温等离子体协同4A分子筛条件下,苯酚废水净化效果明显高于单独采用填料或低温等离子体处理。正交实验结果表明影响COD去除率因素的顺序为放电时间>放电电压>废水p H值>4A分子筛装填量。在放电时间为130 min,电压为35 k V,废水初始p H值为5.5,4A分子筛投加量为200 g的最佳条件下,COD去除率达到最大,为90.28%。     

NO2吸入诱导小鼠肺组织上皮细胞间质转化及单酰基甘油酯酶抑制的保护作用

通过二氧化氮(NO_2)动式吸入染毒模型,探讨其对小鼠肺组织上皮细胞间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transitions,EMT)的影响及单酰基甘油酯酶(MAGL)抑制在此过程中的保护作用.首先检测暴露后肺组织硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的含量,并考察对EMT标志蛋白E-钙粘蛋白(E-cadherin)和α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)表达水平的影响.其次,在MAGL抑制剂JZL~(-1)84预处理后再次进行小鼠NO_2动态吸入染毒,检测不同处理条件下前列腺素E2(PGE2)含量,并考察JZL~(-1)84对E-cadherin和α-SMA表达水平的影响.结果表明,NO_2吸入显著上调小鼠肺组织中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量,且使小鼠肺组织中E-cadherin表达明显降低,α-SMA表达显著升高,说明NO_2通过其体内代谢衍生物可诱导小鼠肺组织EMT发生.而MAGL抑制可显著降低NO_2诱导的小鼠肺组织中前列腺素E2(PGE2)含量升高,并缓解吸入暴露造成的E-cadherin表达下降和α-SMA表达量增加,抑制EMT过程.由此提示,NO_2吸入暴露可诱导小鼠肺组织EMT发生,而MAGL抑制通过调控PGE2水平对这一损伤效应具有保护作用.     

羟胺抑制协同pH调控对人工快渗系统短程硝化的影响

针对人工快渗系统(CRI)总氮去除率低的问题,研究了羟胺抑制协同pH调控对人工快渗系统实现由全程硝化向短程硝化转化的可行性,探讨了其对系统内氮素污染物迁移转化和硝化功能菌空间分布及活性的影响.结果表明,0.5 mmol·L~(-1)羟胺连续添加13 d后可实现CRI系统短程硝化的快速启动,氨氮去除率、亚硝氮积累率分别为91.1%、77.9%,经16 d不添加羟胺运行后氨氮去除率、亚硝氮积累率分别降低3.9%、9.8%,此时调控进水pH至8.4,氨氮去除率和亚硝氮积累率均超过90%,CRI系统短程硝化效果显著且稳定性较高.羟胺对硝化菌具有选择性抑制,对AOB和NOB产生明显抑制的浓度分别为0.7、0.5 mmol·L~(-1),羟胺浓度为1.0 mmol·L~(-1)时AOB和NOB活性均被严重抑制且解抑较难;pH调控对短程硝化的影响主要与游离氨(FA)的抑制作用有关,对AOB和NOB产生明显抑制的FA浓度分别为26.5、5.6 mg·L~(-1),NOB比AOB对FA的敏感性更高.     

Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the swimming behavior,population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE (BDE-47) and deca-BDE (BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that: (1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and -209 in the seawater phase measured by GC–MS (Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations. (2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 is more toxic than BDE-209. (3) Both BDE-47 and -209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females (OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females (MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and -209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.     

重大突发事件的动态协同应急决策

为实现有关重大突发事件应急的科学决策,综合运用协同矩阵、多属性决策理论,建立多部门参与的动态协同应急决策方法。将重大突发事件的协同应急决策问题抽象成多目标优化模型;考虑部门依赖,协同各部门目标,优选初始化应急处置方案;考虑情景分析动态协同决策过程可能出现的变化,如方案评价调整、部门新增方案、加入协同部门、协同部门撤出等,重构突发事件动态协同应急系统拓扑结构,动态修正应急处置方案。研究结果表明:用该方法可根据协同应急决策过程变化,通过更新计算应急处置方案评价,实现应急处置方案的动态调整,从而提高应急决策的有效性。