PM2.5与O3协同控制视角下深圳市工业VOCs源谱特征

选取深圳8类典型工业行业开展VOCs样品采集,检测分析了100种VOCs组分,从PM_2.5和O₃协同控制的角度分析了不同污染源的成分谱特征和对环境的影响.结果表明：加油站源谱组成以烷烃（48.4%）占主导,OVOCs （27.6%）占比突出,乙酸乙酯（14.1%）、异戊烷（13.0%）、正戊烷（12.0%）为其优势排放物种;涂料制造、胶黏剂生产、油墨制造、化工制品、纺织印染、医药制造行业排放组成均以OVOCs （42.3%~97.1%）占主导,丙酮为大多数行业的优势物种,且乙腈在部分行业中占比突出.垃圾发电行业以OVOCs （33.9%）和卤代烃（28.3%）占主导,乙醛（13.4%）、丙酮（11.0%）、一氯甲烷（6.1%）为该行业排放的优势物种.以PM_2.5和O₃协同控制为导向,芳香烃和烯烃是储存运输源需要控制的重点;OVOCs和芳香烃都应成为工艺过程源和废弃物处理源控制的关键.涂料制造行业的源反应活性SR_O3和SR_SOA值分别为6.0g/g和1.2g/g,削减单位质量排放的VOCs所减少的PM_2.5和O₃生成潜势最多,应成为深圳市PM_2.5和O₃协同控制下的优先控制行业.     

溶解性有机质对铁铝土吸附2,4-D的影响

以动力学吸附和等温吸附实验研究了2,4-D在铁铝土中的吸附特征,并比较了不同亲/疏水性溶解性有机质（DOM）对此的影响.结果表明：2,4-D在铁铝土中的动力学吸附符合伪一级动力学方程,等温吸附符合Henry,Freundlich方程,是一个物理作用主导的,自发的,放热的非均质吸附过程.吸附系数K_d为0.61~2.02L/kg,是一种难吸附有机污染物,对地下水存在环境风险.吸附量受土壤pH值影响显著,与土壤中矿物含量,粘粒组成等也密切相关.DOM共存条件下,高疏水性DOM,中疏水性DOM抑制了2,4-D在铁铝土的吸附,使K_d值下降10.7%~58.8%.低疏水性DOM对铁铝土吸附2,4-D作用不明显.DOM对铁铝土吸附2,4-D的作用效应与土壤理化性质和DOM性质密切相关.土壤矿物组分越多,粘粒含量越高,堵孔效应越大.DOM疏水性越大,对2,4-D吸附作用的增溶作用,堵孔作用也越大,其中HOA,HON是关键组分.     

Sorption‐desorption kinetics of some organochlorine insecticides in silt‐water suspensions

Kinetic (batch) sorption and desorption experiments for some organochlorine insecticides in silt‐water suspensions are described. The effect of possible experimental artifacts on the results is examined. The influence of the silt/water ratio on the linear sorption coefficient and on the “nonextractable”; solute fraction is determined. The sorption process is described in terms of some kinetic models.     

离子强度和SO2-4对土壤吸附Al的影响

研究了离子强度和SO4^2-对土壤吸附Al的影响，结果表明：在所研究的pH范围内，随着NaCl支持电解质浓度的提高，土壤对Al的吸附量基本保持不变，并且当pH＜3．9时，即土壤表面净电荷为正时，土壤对Al的吸附量仍然很大，超过最大吸附量的50％，而用CaCl2作支持电解质时，当pH＜4．5时，在溶液中CaCl2浓度最高的情况下，Al的吸附量最小，在其余两种浓度条件下则基本相等；当pH＞4．5时，Al的吸附量几乎不受CaCl2浓度变化的影响。SO4^2-的加入对土壤吸附Al没有影响。这些都说明土壤吸附Al的作用机制主要为专性吸附。     

Enhancement of UV and chromate mutagenesis by nickel ions in the Chinese hamster HGPRT Assay †

1. The HGPRT (Hypoxanthine‐Guanine‐Phospho‐Ribosyl‐Transferase) assay with Chinese Hamster V79 cells was used to measure the mutagenic effects of UV irradiation, potassium dichromate and nickel chloride. The agents were tested separately and in the combinations of UV plus nickel and dichromate plus nickel.

2. UV, Cr(VI) and Ni(II) were confirmed to be mutagenic in the V79 cell assay. The combination of UV(5J/m²) and Ni(II) (0.5 mM) caused a mutation rate 11.2 times above that corresponding to the sum of the individual mutation rates of these agents. The combined action of Cr(VI) (0.1 mM) and Ni(II) (0.5 mM) produced a mutation rate 2.8 fold above that corresponding to the sum of the individual rates of the separate agents.

3. The enhancing effect of nickel chloride on the mutagenicity of UV or Cr(VI) is interpreted by an interference of Ni(II) with the repair of DNA lesions.     

畜禽养殖排放的雌激素对周边水体环境的影响

环境雌激素是一大类化学物质,它们能够干扰生物体内激素的合成、分泌、转运、活性等,或与生物体内激素结构相似而发挥激素作用,对生物体的生长、繁殖及行为产生不利影响。环境雌激素包括天然雌激素及人工合成类雌激素。随着国内畜禽养殖的规模与数量的不断扩大,养殖场成为了一个很大的环境雌激素的产生源,其环境风险应得到相应的重视。目前对畜禽养殖过程中环境雌激素的产生量以及雌激素进入环境后的迁移转化行为已有很多的研究,包括野外的调查与实验室内机理研究。畜禽养殖过程产生的大量雌激素进入环境后能够被土壤吸附及微生物降解。室内的静态平衡吸附实验、土柱迁移试验及降解研究均表明雌激素进入环境后绝大部分迅速被吸附到土壤颗粒或悬浮胶体、沉积物颗粒上,同时发生转化与生物降解,由此推断其对周边环境中的雌激素贡献很小。然而,野外调查结果却表明实际情况下雌激素的迁移性高于理论期望值。因此,畜禽养殖对周边环境中雌激素的贡献量的大小尚未明确。本论文综述了畜禽养殖过程中环境雌激素的排放情况,结合国内外的调查研究,阐述了畜禽养殖产生的环境雌激素在土壤及水体中的迁移与降解行为,探讨了影响准确评估畜禽养殖排泄物对周边水体中雌激素贡献大小的因子,并提出了今后应开展原位吸附与迁移的实验,重点考虑天然有机质及抗生素等共存物质对雌激素环境行为的影响,建立综合模型来估算不同时期养殖场对周围水环境雌激素的贡献量的建议。     

Simultaneous sorption of aqueous phenanthrene and phosphate onto bentonites modified with AlCl3 and CTMAB

The purpose of this work is to synthesize a new type of bentonite sorbent that can simultaneously remove both organic compounds and phosphate from water. Inorganic-organic bentonites (Al-CTMAB-Bent) were synthesized by modifying bentonites with both AlCl₃ and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTMAB). Simultaneous sorption of aqueous phenanthrene and phosphate onto Al-CTMAB-Bent was examined. Removal rates of phenanthrene and phosphate from water reached 96.3% and 90.2%, respectively, at their respective initial concentrations of 1 mg/L and 5 mg/L and the added amount of Al-CTMAB-Bent was 1.25 g/L. The residual turbidity of the Al-CTMAB-Bent suspension decreased 81.4% compared to that of organobentonite suspension after a 1 h settling time. Thus, inorganic-organic bentonite can be used to treat wastewater containing both organic pollutants and phosphate. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(1): 91–94 [译自: 环境科学]     

An integrated approach for assessing the migration behavior of chlorpyrifos and carbaryl in the unsaturated soil zone

Chlorpyrifos (O, O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl phosphorothioate) and carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate) are often applied concurrently as insecticides in food production. The aim of this study was to research their migration behavior in a real environment. We researched the leaching of both pesticides by setting up field lysimeters on a farm with the typical soil used in fruit production today. In order to analyze the variables involved in this process, we performed complementary adsorption studies, we performed complementary adsorption studies using batches and undisturbed soil laboratory columns for both compounds. The results for pesticide transport through the lysimeters showed that less than 1% of chlorpyrifos was recovered in the leachates, while almost 17% was recovered for carbaryl. Having completed the experiment in undisturbed laboratory columns, soil analysis showed that chlorpyrifos mainly remained in the first 5 cm, while carbaryl moved down to the lower sections. These results can be explained in view of the sorption coefficient values (K_D) obtained in horizons A and B for chlorpyrifos (393 and 184 L kg^?1) and carbaryl (3.1 and 4.2 L kg^?1), respectively. By integrating the results obtained in the different approaches, we were able to characterize the percolation modes of these pesticides in the soil matrix, thus contributing to the sustainable use of resources.     

锌在辽宁红沿河核电站的大气腐蚀研究

通过锌在红沿河核电站的大气暴露试验,研究了锌在红沿河地区SO2,Cl-含量较高以及高湿的环境条件下的腐蚀规律。试验结果表明锌的腐蚀质量损失与暴露时间呈线性关系。利用扫描电子显微镜、Fourier变换红外光谱仪以及X射线衍射仪对锌表面腐蚀产物进行了分析,进一步分析了腐蚀质量损失与暴露时间呈线性关系的原因,并探讨了锌在SO2,Cl-含量较高以及高湿的环境条件下的腐蚀机理。     

Batch studies of adsorption of copper and lead on activated carbon from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. Bark

Powdered activated carbon (PAC) prepared from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. bark was tested for its adsorption capacity for Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ). The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of pH, contact time, initial metal concentration, and temperature. The best adsorption of both Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) occurred at pH 5, where the adsorption reached equilibrium within 45 min for the whole range of initial heavy metal concentrations (0.1-10 mmol/L). The adsorption kinetics was found to follow the pseudo-...