微生物多样性对土壤碳代谢特征的影响

土壤微生物群落在生态系统过程中发挥着重要的作用,而关于土壤微生物多样性对生态系统功能的影响无一致结论.为了研究微生物多样性对土壤碳代谢特征的影响,将稀释10~(-1)、10~(-3)和10~(-5)倍(D1、D3和D5)的庞泉沟阔叶混交林土壤悬浮液接种在灭菌的土样中.通过碱式滴定法和Biolog Eco板等实验方法测定了不同多样性梯度下土壤碳矿化速率和碳代谢利用模式的变化.结果表明培养6周后,D1处理的碳矿化速率、累积碳矿化量、平均孔颜色变化率(AWCD)和多样性指数(Shannon、Mc Intosh和丰富度指数)均显著高于D5处理.且相关分析表明,累积碳矿化量和AWCD与丰富度呈显著负相关.对碳源吸光度做主成分分析(PCA)和单因素方差分析发现微生物多样性梯度的土壤碳源利用模式也存在差异.因此,微生物多样性下降影响土壤的碳矿化速率和碳源利用模式,导致陆地生态系统的功能发生改变,在森林土壤管理中,应重视土壤微生物物种多样性变化对生态系统功能的影响.     

An ergonomics study on wrist posture when using laparoscopic tools in four techniques in minimally invasive surgery

Purpose. With reference to four minimally invasive surgery (MIS) cholecystectomies, the aims were (a) to recognize the factors influencing dominant wrist postures manifested by the surgeon; (b) to detect risk factors involved in maintaining deviated wrist postures; (c) to compare the wrist postures of surgeons while using laparoscopic tools. Methods. Video films were recorded during live surgeries. The films were synchronized with wrist joint angles obtained from wireless electrogoniometers placed on the surgeon's hand. The analysis was conducted for five laparoscopic tools used during all surgical techniques. Results. The most common wrist posture was extension. In the case of one laparoscopic tool, the mean values defining extended wrist posture were distinct in all four surgical techniques. For one type of surgical technique, considered the most beneficial for patients, more extreme postures were noticed regarding all laparoscopic tools. We recognized a new factor, apart from the tool's handle design, that influences extreme and deviated wrist postures. It involves three areas of task specification including the type of action, type of motion patterns and motion dynamism. Conclusions. The outcomes proved that the surgical technique which is best for the patient imposes the greatest strain on the surgeon's wrist.?     

Spatiotemporal Features of Severe Air Pollution in Northern Taiwan (8 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope This research attempted to identify the dominant factors simultaneously affecting the airborne concentrations of five air pollutants with principal component analysis and to determine the meteorologically related parameters that cause severe air-pollution events. According to the definition of subPSI and PSI values through the U.S. EPA, the historical raw data of five criteria air pollutants, SO2, CO, O3, PM10 and NO2, were calculated as daily subPSI values. In addition to the airborne concentrations, this study simultaneous collected the surface meteorological parameters of the Taipei meteorological station, established by the Central Weather Bureau. Methods Principal component analysis was conducted to screen severe air pollution scenarios for five air pollutants: SO2, CO, O3, PM10 and NO2. The concentrations of various air pollutants measured at 17 air-quality stations in northern Taiwan from 1995 to 2001 were transformed into daily subPSI values. The correlation analysis of the five air pollutants and four meteorological parameters (wind speed, temperature, mixing height and ventilation rate) were included in this research. After screening severe air pollution scenarios, this study recognized the synoptic patterns easily causing the severe air-pollution events. Results and Discussion Analytical results showed that the eigenvalues of the first two principal components for SO2, CO, O3, PM10 and NO2 were greater than 1. The first component of five air pollutants explained 64, 64, 67, 76 and 63% of subPSI variance for SO2, CO, O3, PM10 and NO2, respectively. Only the correlation coefficient of NO2 and CO had statistically significant positive values (0.82); other pollutant pairs presented medium (0.4 to 0.7) or low (0 to 0.4) positive values. The correlation coefficients for air pollutants and three meteorological parameters (wind speed, mixing height and ventilation index) were medium or low negative values. In northern Taiwan, spring was most likely induced high concentrations and the component scores of the first component for SO2, CO, PM10 and NO2; summer was the worst season that caused high O3 episodes. Consequently, the analytical results of factor loadings for the first principal component and emission inventory of various sources revealed that mobile sources were dominant factors affecting ambient air quality in northern Taiwan. Conclusion According to the results of principal component analysis for the five air pollutants, the first two of 17 components were cited as major factors and explained 71% of subPSI variance. Based on the inventory of NOx emissions and the isopleth diagram of factor loading for the first component, mobile sources in the southwest Taipei City accounted for the highest factor loading values and emission inventory values. Synoptic analysis and principal component analysis demonstrated that three types of weather patterns (high-pressure recirculation, prefrontal warm sector and the southwesterly wind system) easily caused the severe air-pollution scenarios. In summary, if severe air-pollution days occurred, the average meteorological parameters experienced adverse conditions for diffusing air pollutants; that is, the average values of wind speed, mixing height and ventilation index were lower than 2.1 ms-1, 360 m and 800 m2s-1, respectively. If one of the three synoptic patterns were to occur in combination with adverse meteorological conditions, severe air-pollution events would be developed. Recommendation and Outlook By utilizing synoptic patterns, this work found three weather systems easily caused severe air-pollution events over northern Taiwan. Analytical results showed, respectively, the wind speed and mixing height were less than 2.1 m/s and 360 m during severe air-pollution events.     

受限空间作业危险性分析及安全防范措施

由于受限空间作业具有涉及行业广,作业环境特殊,危险性大等特点,容易发生火灾、爆炸、中毒和窒息等事故,严重威胁作业人员生命和设备财产安全。本文对2001年—2009年期间发生的典型受限空间作业事故进行了统计分析,总结了受限空间作业环境特点,分析了事故涉及的行业以及事故分布情况,然后结合事故案例,针对提出的典型受限空间作业事故类型及事故原因进行了分析,并提出了针对性的安全防范措施,以期指导安全生产。     

北京夏季典型天气TSP组成和来源对比

于2005年7月选择分别受北方冷空气、海上高压和地方性山谷风影响的3个天气过程条件下,在北京市区和郊区采集了23个大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,并采用扫描电镜-X射线能谱技术,根据单颗粒尺度、形貌、特征化学组成解析出各类源对颗粒数浓度的贡献.结果发现:有机/碳质颗粒(占总颗粒数的31.3%,下同)和矿物颗粒(占29.5%)为优势种类,二次源颗粒占10.6%,燃煤飞灰占7.2%,燃煤、机动车排放和建筑施工产生的3类颗粒占4.1%～6.5%.3种天气下颗粒组成特征鲜明,来源差别明显:①冷空气影响下空气质量最好,TSP样品中粒径小于1.0 μm和大于5.0 μm颗粒较多,一次源处于绝对主导地位(占90%);②海上高压控制天气下,粒径为1.0～2.5 μm的颗粒大幅度增加,有大量的次生粒子生成(占10%～20%);③地方性天气中颗粒质量浓度偏高,粒径小于1.0 μm和1.0～2.5 μm颗粒所占比例均较高,但有机/碳质颗粒比例减少, 其他次要种类颗粒增多.市区人为源颗粒的种类最多,对郊区影响明显.      

Multi-biological defects caused by lead exposure exhibit transferable properties from exposed parents to their progeny in Caenorhabditis elegans

Whether the multi-biological toxicity from lead exposure could be transferred to progeny has not been clarified.In the present study,we explored the Caenorhabditis elegans to analyze the multiple toxicities from lead exposure and their possibly transferable properties.The lead exposure could cause series of severe multi-biological defects with a concentration-dependent manner by affecting the endpoints of life span,development,reproduction and locomotion behaviors in nematodes.Moreover,most of these toxicities could be transferred to progeny from lead exposed animals and some of the defects in progeny appeared even more severe than in their parents,such as the body sizes and mean life spans.We summarized the defects caused by lead exposure into three groups according to their transferable properties or rescue patterns.That is,the defects caused by lead exposure could be largely,or partially,or became even more severe in progeny animals.Therefore,our results suggest that lead exposure can cause severely multi-biological defects,and most of these multiple toxicities can be considered as transferable for exposed animals in C.elegans.     

京津冀“生态系统服务转型”及其空间格局

以1980年、2000年、2015年土地利用类型、NPP和统计数据为基础,运用GIS和生态系统服务价值测算方法,分析京津冀食物生产与固碳释氧两种服务的变化及其空间格局,揭示“生态系统服务转型”的原因。结果表明:（1）35年来,京津冀土地利用变化以建设用地扩张和耕地减少为主。1980年和2000年,NPP的高值区主要位于山区,2015年NPP的高值区主要位于平原。（2）1980-2000年京津冀生态系统服务变化以食物生产服务增加与固碳释氧服务降低为主,2000-2015年京津冀以食物生产服务与固碳释氧服务同时增加为主。“生态系统服务转型”模式为“食物生产+固碳释氧–”→“食物生产+固碳释氧+”。（3）农业生产力提升、林地面积与质量和耕地质量、草地质量提升是“生态系统服务转型”的主要原因。     

浙江省碳排放时空格局及影响因素研究

利用2005~2010年浙江省各县市区的社会经济数据和能耗数据,测算了各县市区的碳排放总量、人均碳排放量和地均碳排放量,采用空间自相关方法揭示了县域尺度下相邻县市区碳排放指标的空间关联性,运用地理加权回归模型定量描述了各县市区碳排放总量影响因素的空间异质性。研究结果表明:(1)研究期内,浙江省的碳排放总量从30 486万t增加到49 559万t。人均碳排放量和地均碳排放量也均呈增长趋势,且空间差异显著。(2)各县市区碳排放总量、人均碳排放量和地均碳排放量均存在较强的空间自相关性,总体上浙北浙东呈高高集聚,浙西南呈低低集聚。(3)人口和投资是影响碳排放总量的重要因素,且存在空间异质性。投资对浙西南碳排放的影响逐渐增大。     

Understanding transitions in farming systems and their effects on livestock rearing and smallholder livelihoods in Telangana,India

Increasing food demands are causing rapid transitions in farming systems, often involving intensified land and resource use. While transitioning has benefits regarding poverty alleviation and food outputs, it also causes environmental and social issues over time. This study aims to understand the transitions in farming systems in a region in Telangana, from 1997 to 2015, and their effect on livestock rearing and smallholder livelihoods. We also examine the impact of the transitions on lower caste groups and women in particular. We collected data using a combination of methods, i.e., a household survey, focus group discussions, and secondary data sources, to build a comprehensive picture of the transitions in the region. We found that subsistence mixed farming systems transitioned to market-orientated specialized systems over a short time span. As the transition process gained momentum, households either intensified their production or got marginalized. Technological interventions, development programs with integrated approaches, and market demand for certain agricultural produce triggered increased regional production but also led to the scarcity of water, land, and labor. The transitions marginalized some of the households, changed the role of livestock in farming, and have been inclusive of both lower caste groups and women in terms of increased ownership of large ruminants and access to technologies. However, for women specifically, further increase in workload in the context of farming is also found.     

Urban Land-banking Planning: A New Instrument to Regulate Urban Land Supply-demand of Nanjing City

Abstract

It is the major purpose of the paper to present the urban land-banking planning and its functions of promoting the urban land-banking system and land use administration. The urban land-banking system has the potential attribute of acting as an irreplaceable role in urban land administration, but its unexpected function-deviation has impacted its implementation effect in China. A few city governments are attempting to deal with the problem by the urban land-banking planning which is expected to contribute to the extension of urban function, optimization of urban patterns, promotion of urban core competitiveness and overall construction of the urban value chain. In this paper, we primarily discuss the necessity, functions, purposes and main contents of the urban land-banking planning. Subsequently, the implementing situation of the urban land-banking system in Nanjing is analyzed, including its integrated mode, spatio-temporal quantitative distribution and main characteristics. Finally, the background and targets including total, compositions, space, and regulation points are gradually introduced to present the Nanjing land-banking planning version 2.