广东省臭氧污染天气型及其变化特征

结合地面观测资料、再分析数据和客观天气分型方法SOM,分季节、分区域诊断和分析2015~2020年广东省O₃污染天气型及其变化特征.结果表明,2015~2019年广东省O₃污染逐年上升,其中2017~2019年上升较为明显,2020年则明显下降,气象条件和污染物排放的变化均对O₃污染的变化起到重要作用.2017~2020年广东省干季O₃浓度接近或超过湿季O₃浓度,干季污染城数亦接近湿季.弱冷高压脊天气型是影响广东省O₃污染的主导天气型,6a期间共造成526个污染城数.干季和湿季O₃污染的主导天气型分别为弱冷高压脊和台风外围,干季弱冷高压脊天气型污染天数占比呈明显上升趋势,2019~2020年超过湿季台风外围天气型成为影响O₃污染最主要的天气型.在弱冷高压脊天气型下,影响四大区域O₃污染的外来源输送路径主要有东北路和沿海路,湿季珠三角台风外围和粤北变性高压脊天气型下,区域O₃污染则受本地排放影响较大.     

Analyses of platinum group elements in mosses as indicators of road traffic emissions in Austria

The concentrations of platinum group elements (PGE; platinum, palladium, rhodium) and 17 other elements in mosses growing at 32 sampling sites along 12 roads in Austria were analysed. The study included passive monitoring of naturally growing mosses with an experimental design using mosses samples exposed in a tunnel experiment. PGEs (Pt, Pd, Rh) were analysed by ICP-MS (ELAN DRC II, Perkin Elmer SCIEX) according to EN ISO 17294-2 Tl.29. Mean concentrations of PGEs in five moss species were: Pt 7.07±9.97, Pd 2.8±5.2 und Rh 0.6±0.8 ng g⁻¹ dry weight. This is comparable to data derived from measurements of gasoline autocatalyst emissions or airborne particles (<10 μm). Compared to soils and road dust along highways, concentrations in mosses were lower by a factor of ten, compared to grasses they were comparable or somewhat higher. The ratios between the various PGEs were calculated as follows (mean values): Pt/Pd 7.9±10.2, Pt/Rh 12.6±8.3 and Pd/Rh 3.7±2.2. The number of light duty vehicles (<3.5 t) and the distance from the road were the main influential factors for PGE concentrations. Especially strong correlations could be found between Pt and Sb, Cu, Zn, and Cd (in decreasing order), which are all elements derived mainly from road traffic emissions. Cluster analysis (Partioning Around Medoids Method) separated elements derived mainly from soil dust (Ca, Al). An analysis of spatial deposition patterns of PGEs showed a reciprocal decrease of concentrations with increasing distance from the road, reaching background values at distances between 10 and 200 m, sometimes even more, but outside the spatial range of our investigation.     

稻草还田对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了探讨稻草还田的微生物学过程与效应,借助平板涂抹法和BIOLOG检测法,比较研究了免耕条件下3种不同稻草还田量(33%、67%和100%,以稻草不还田土壤为对照)对晚稻田土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明:①土壤细菌数量差异显著,以67%稻草还田处理为最高,稻草不还田处理最低,稻草还田提高了土壤细菌数量;②碳源平均颜色变化率(AWCD法)在培养早期各处理间的差异不大,但随着培养时间的延长,67%和100%稻草还田处理土壤微生物的AWCD值显著大于对照和33%稻草还田处理组;③土壤微生物代谢多样性指数(丰富度和多样性)在3种稻草还田量处理土壤中也表现出明显差异,67%和100%稻草还田处理的土壤中微生物功能多样性显著大于33%稻草还田处理和对照;④67%和100%稻草还田处理显著改善了土壤微生物的功能多样性.以67%稻草还田处理改善土壤微生物群落结构和功能的效果最为显著.     

4-AAP光度法测定污水中挥发酚的干扰规律研究及其应用

矿物油(原油、机油、柴油等)、苯胺、部分金属离子及ClO^-等物质对4-AAP法测定污水中的挥发酚有干扰。本文采用标加干扰物的方法研究了各种干扰物质对挥发酚测定过程中的回收率的影响规律,得到总回收率Y方程。由Y值和4-AAP法测定值C_D可求得水样中挥发酚的实际含量C_T(C_D/Y)。混和干扰物加标拟合实验结果的相对误差<±5%。该方法测定实际水样的结果与4阶导数光谱法的结果基本吻合。本文是针对油矿区污水特点,提出的消除各种干扰挥发酚测定物质影响的研究方法。     

典型钢铁厂周边土壤中多氯联苯分布特征研究

钢铁厂中各工业热过程车间都会产生污染物并对周边环境造成危害,本文以迁安市钢铁厂周边土壤为研究对象,对该市内及钢铁厂周边土壤样品进行采集,采用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱方法(HRGC/HRMS)测定了多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量,研究了PCBs的同类物分布特征.结果发现,市内及钢铁厂周边土壤样品中dl-PCBs的总含量为4.77~462.04 pg·g~(-1),WHO-TEQ(Toxic Equivalent Quantity)即毒性当量值为0.03~1.34 pg·g~(-1).由此可以看出,该市及钢铁厂周边环境土壤受到了PCBs等有毒污染物的影响.大部分土壤样品的同类物分布特征相似;PCB~(-1)18对土壤dl-PCBs含量贡献率最大,贡献率为34%.PCB~(-1)01对土壤指示性PCBs含量贡献率最大,贡献率为42.5%.同时,通过对样品中同类物分布可以看出,低氯代的同类物(Tr CBs~Hx CBs)的含量要远高于高氯代同类物(Hp CBs~De CBs).     

重庆市春节期间典型空气污染过程分析

对重庆主城区2001—2012年春节期间空气质量的变化特征进行分析,并利用气象观测资料以及TAMP模式分析了2006年春节期间中度污染个例的天气形势。结果表明,2006年鞭炮燃放解禁前后,除夕到初一空气污染指数的变化情况出现了明显差异,特别是2006年达到了中度污染。利用气象观测资料分析2006年春节大尺度环流背景发现,29日高空为偏西气流,地面受均压场控制,不利于污染物随大气扩散,近地层形成了很明显的逆温,使得污染状况更加严重。利用TAMP模式模拟此次过程,与实况对比分析了TAMP模式模拟出的8:00沙坪坝站温度的垂直变化情况,发现TAMP模式能较好地反映出近地层的大气状况。TAMP模式输出的地面风场显示,在鞭炮燃放的高峰期,在渝中半岛以及长江以南沿江地区形成了偏北气流与偏东气流的辐合,主城区的风向辐合以及较小的风速,使得鞭炮燃放产生的污染物无法及时扩散,而近地层平均动能和湍流动能都维持一个很小的值,同样抑制了污染物的扩散。     

Distribution patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls in soils collected from Zhejiang province, east China

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in surface soil samples from Zhejiang Province, east China. Concentrations of total PCBs ranged widely from 7.50 to 263 ng kg⁻¹ with a mean value of 45.4 ng kg⁻¹ (dry matter basis). In general, concentrations in soil samples from the southern part of the test area and especially from some sites near hills tended to be higher than those from other sites. The prevailing winds may have been the main factor influencing the spatial distribution of PCBs in soils. Other factors may have included the distribution of residential areas and land use variables. In this paper we also discuss the relationships between OCPs and PCBs in soils and relationships between these and land use variables as revealed by correlation analysis.     

Geographic patterns of non-carpeted floor dust loading in Syracuse, New York (USA) homes

Residential floor dust loading was measured on the smooth floor surface of 488 houses in Syracuse, New York, during the summers of 2003 and 2004. Using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) wipe methods, pre-weighed Ghost Wipes, Lead Wipes, or Whatman Filters were employed to collect duplicate samples from (predominantly) kitchens. The collection efficiency of the various media was determined from multiple wipe tests and side-by-side comparisons. The results were normalized and aggregated at the census tract level to determine whether spatial patterns of dust loading could be observed. Loading was found to be log-normally distributed, with a geometric mean value of 0.311 g m⁻² (29 mg of dust per square foot of floor); 95% of the observations fell in the range of 0.042–2.330 g m⁻² (4–216 mg foot⁻²). The sampling for floor dust loading shows some bias for day of the week in which visits to the residential properties were made. After a first-order correction for this effect, results were aggregated by census tract and mapped in a geographic information system (GIS); strong spatial patterns can be identified in an inverse distance weighted mapping. The geographic patterns exhibit a strong correlation with socio-economic/demographic covariates extracted from the 2000 census summaries. Dust mass on the floors is positively correlated with renter-occupied properties and family size; it is negatively correlated with measures of household income.     

云南地区种子植物东亚分布成分的地理分布格局

植物区系分析是理解植被起源、性质和分布的基础.本研究利用大尺度的区系分布信息,结合地理信息系统平台和统计分析方法,探讨了云南地区种子植物东亚分布成分的地理分布格局以及"田中线"的生物地理意义.结果表明,东亚分布成分及其亚型所占比重均随着纬度的升高呈递增趋势.在经度梯度上,中国-日本植物分布亚型所占的比重从东到西呈递减趋势,而中国-喜马拉雅分布亚型所占比重的经度格局则与此相反.东亚分布成分在云南地区的扩散方向以由北到南为主,其次为经度梯度上的双向迁移.与过去的研究不同,本研究结果表明,东亚分布成分在云南地区的起源中心更可能为滇西北.我们未能证实"田中线"对中国-喜马拉雅分布亚型的分布具有限制意义,但对东亚分布成分(总体)和中国-日本分布亚型在云南地区的分布具有严格的限制意义.     

Above and below ground biomass patterns in arid lands

Regular vegetation patterns have been observed in many arid zones around the word. This particular spontaneous arrangement of the vegetation optimizes the use of the scarce water resources and could be imitated to restore vulnerable ecosystems; at the same time, the patterns of vegetation act as an early warning signal of the fact that fragile ecosystems may suddenly undergo irreversible shifts, thus, they deserve a special attention. The formation of vegetation patterns is the object of many theoretical and experimental studies, nevertheless, in previous works, the interest that is deserved to below ground biomass allocation is minor as compared to the effort that is spent to describe the organization of vegetation above ground.