用炼油厂废白土制备有机膨润土的研究(Ⅱ)──工艺优化及产品表征

对废白土提纯土制备有机膨润土的工艺条件进行了最优化实验研究,并通过红外光谱、X－衍射谱、热重差热谱、黏度和溶胀性的测定与美国有机膨润土进行比较,结果显示,用废白土提纯土合成的有机膨润土的各项技术指标与美国有机膨润土相当．     

环保型多功能水处理剂的合成

以丙烯酸（AA）、2－丙烯酰胺基－2－甲基－丙磺酸（AMPS）、次磷酸钠及过硫酸钠为原料,合成了一种含膦基、羧基和磺酸基的多功能水处理剂。探讨了原料配比、反应温度、反应时间对合成产品阻垢性能的影响,反应温度为100℃、反应时间为4h、单体质量比AA∶AMPS＝3∶1、Na2S2O8∶nAH2PO2∶(AA AMPS)=2.5∶15∶100时,该聚合物阻CaCO3、Ca3(PO4)2及锌盐沉积的综合性能最佳。     

4种具有α-季碳结构的对位壬基酚异构体的合成和表征

不同来源工业壬基酚混合物(t-NP)中对位壬基酚(p-NP)异构体的组成各不相同,各异构体之间在环境行为等方面也存在着较大差异,因此在壬基酚的环境归趋、生态毒性以及雌激素活性等研究中迫切需要t-NP中不同单个异构体作为模型化合物,然而目前市场上能购买到的直链壬基酚(4-n-NP)异构体不能作为代表.以苯酚和4种含分支结构的壬醇为原料(苯酚与壬醇摩尔比为4:1),以BF3为催化剂,按照Friedel-Crafts烷基化方法合成了t-NP中常见的4种烷基链具有α-季碳结构的对位壬基酚的异构体,即4(3′,5′-二甲基-3′-庚基)-苯酚(p353NP),4(3′,6′-二甲基-3′-庚基)-苯酚(p363NP),4(2′,6′-二甲基-2′-庚基)-苯酚(p262NP)和4(3′-甲基-3′-辛基)-苯酚(p33NP).合成的壬基酚粗产物用硅胶柱色谱法提纯后的纯度达99%,并经紫外可见分光光度计、荧光分光光度计、HPLC、GC-MS、1H-和13C-NMR进行了表征.合成的4种p-NP异构体可被用于壬基酚的雌激素活性、毒理、代谢和环境归趋等研究.     

Application of hinokitiol potassium salt for wood preservative

The decay of wood and other cellulosic materials by fungi cause significant economic loss. The widely used chromated copper arsenate was prohibited for the environmental impact and safety of arsenic and chromium. It was found that natural product hinokitiol (HK) had fungicidal and insecticidal activities, and its toxicity was bearable for the environment. We described the practical synthesis of HK-K salt. According to the GB/T18261-2000 and LY/T1283-1998, wood preservative performance of HK-K salt was tested. The results showed that the best inhibitory concentration of HK-K salt was 50 mg/L, for which the prevention effectiveness on mold is better, the killed value is between 0 and 1, and the corrosion-resistant for wood-rotting fungi is grade A.     

基于多目标决策的节能减排绩效评估

利用全排列多边形图示指标法构建评价模型,从资源能源消耗、污染物排放、综合利用、环保治理及无害化等方面构建节能减排评价指标体系,并对福建省2001-2010年节能减排进行绩效评估.结果表明,福建省节能减排绩效的优劣顺序分别为:2010、2009、2003、2002、2008、2007、2004、2001、2006、2005年.2005-2006年福建省在废物综合利用、环保治理及无害化等方面取得了一定的成效,但与2001-2004年相比优势不明显,而在资源能源消耗与污染排放方面却出现了大幅度的下滑.2007年以来,福建省正在逐步加大重点行业和重点企业的节能减排力度,因此,在节能减排方面取得了较明显的成效.评价结果较好地体现了福建省节能减排的现状与不足,为推动节能减排绩效评估工作的发展提供了科学依据.     

季铵型树脂的合成及其对水中溴酸根及前驱物溴离子的吸附性能与机制

水中的溴离子(Br^-)和溴酸根离子(BrO₃^-)由于难挥发、易溶解、稳定性好而难以除去,因此,制备了一种对较低浓度的Br^-和BrO₃^-都有良好吸附去除效果的季铵碱树脂(Quaternary ammonium base resin,QABR)并表征了其物化结构.同时,考察了初始浓度、QABR投加量、溶液pH、离子强度、吸附接触时间和吸附温度等因素对QABR吸附Br^-和BrO₃^-性能的影响.结果表明,在0.05～4.00 mmol·L^-1浓度范围内,在298 K、pH=7.0时QABR对Br^-和BrO₃^-的吸附能力最佳,其最大吸附量分别为1.78 mmol·g^-1和1.65 mmol·g^-1;QABR对Br^-和BrO₃     

Selective sorptive removal of Methyl Red from individual and binary component solutions by mesoporous organosilicas of MCM-41 type

Organosilicas with chemically immobilized 3-aminopropyl and Methyl Red-containing surface groups were prepared by sol-gel condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane in the presence of dye as part of the mixed micelles or dye-containing silane as silica source. The hexagonally arranged mesoporous structure of synthesized materials was confirmed by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption, x-ray diffraction, and TEM studies. Chemical composition of MCM-41-type organosilicas was established by FT-IR spectroscopy and chemical analysis of surface layer. Sorption of Methyl Red by organosilicas was studied from diluted phosphate buffer solutions in dependence of medium pH, duration of contact, and equilibrium concentration of dye. It was found that effective removal of Methyl Red takes place at pH values within a range of 2.5?5. Kinetic curves of Methyl Red sorption on organosilicas were analyzed by the Lagergren, Ho-McKey, and Weber-Morris kinetic models. It was found that the pseudo-second-order model fits the kinetics of Methyl Red sorption on all synthesized materials and the intraparticle diffusion is not the only one mechanism controlling the rate of Methyl Red sorptive removal. The parameters of equilibrium sorption of Methyl Red on organosilicas of MCM-41 type were calculated using Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller models. Sorption of acid dyes with geometry similar or substantially different from Methyl Red on mesoporous silicas was studied from single and binary component mixtures in aqueous solutions with pH 4.8 and 5.5. It was found that selective sorption process is highly dependent on the structural characteristics and protolytic state of silica surface as well as acid dye.     

高效磷吸附剂Mg/Al-LDO的制备及除磷机制

针对污水中磷的去除问题,采用优化后的恒定pH值共沉淀法制备了Mg/Al-layered double hydroxides(Mg/Al-LDHs),经高温焙烧得到高效磷吸附剂Mg/Al-layered double oxide(Mg/Al-LDO);在对其吸附特性研究的基础上,并结合Zeta电位、XRD、FTIR分析吸附前后材料等电点、晶体结构及层间阴离子的变化,探讨Mg/Al-LDO吸附除磷机制.结果表明,采用优化后的共沉淀法,在Mg/Al比为2∶1,焙烧温度450℃,焙烧时间2 h条件下制备出的Mg/Al-LDO对磷酸根吸附性最好,最大吸附容量可达到176.94 mg·g-1,与理论吸附容量191.57 mg·g-1基本一致,远高出Mg/Al-LDHs及其它磷吸附剂.实验数据对准二级反应动力学模型的拟合结果较好,吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温模型.结合Zeta电位、XRD、FTIR的结果推测,Mg/AlLDO吸附除磷主要是通过静电引力、阴离子插层、离子交换、表面配位这4种作用协同完成.     

TiO2复合催化剂弱光催化降解模拟海水中苯酚及其催化活性的影响

为了获得适用于海水中有机污染物光降解催化剂,分别选用纳米SiO_2粒子和氧化石墨烯GO为载体,利用吸附相反应技术并结合热处理过程制备了基于TiO_2的复合催化剂,研究了弱光(光强小于1mW·cm~(-3))激发下复合催化剂光催化降解模拟海水中苯酚.结果表明,吸附相反应技术结合焙烧得到的La~(3+)掺杂TiO_2-SiO_2,表面亲水性较强和对苯酚吸附能力较弱,难以克服盐离子的干扰并有效降解模拟海水中高浓度苯酚.而吸附相反应技术结合醇溶剂热还原处理后,La~(3+)掺杂TiO_2-SiO_2催化剂表面亲水性显著减弱,但该催化剂在模拟海水中不能形成稳定的悬浮体系.吸附相反应技术得到的TiO_2-GO和La~(3+)掺杂TiO_2-GO中,TiO_2粒子粒径小于10nm且均匀负载于GO的表面.醇溶剂热还原处理可使TiO_2形成晶型结构,从而提高其催化活性,同时还能将GO表面的含氧基团还原,降低催化剂表面亲水性.从而提升催化剂对苯酚的吸附能力和对盐离子的抗干扰能力.另外,还原GO与小粒径TiO_2粒子紧密结合,使光生电子能很快转移至还原GO表面,增大光生电荷分离率,进一步提升催化剂的光降解性能.     

Best‐practice recommendations for estimating interaction effects using meta‐analysis

One of the key advantages of meta‐analysis (i.e., a quantitative literature review) over a narrative literature review is that it allows for formal tests of interaction effects—namely, whether the relationship between two variables is contingent upon the value of another (moderator) variable. Interaction effects play a central role in organizational science research because they highlight boundary conditions of a theory: Conditions under which relationships change in strength and/or direction. This article describes procedures for estimating interaction effects using meta‐analysis, distills the technical literature for a general readership of organizational science researchers, and includes specific best‐practice recommendations regarding actions researchers can take before and after data collection to improve the accuracy of substantive conclusions regarding interaction effects investigated meta‐analytically. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.