APPLICATION OF A LOW-FLOW ASSESSMENT MODEL FOR THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The application of a low-flow assessment model is illustrated for the Monogahela River Basin. The model simulates the impact of reservoir operating rules and consumptive use limitation policies on low-flow frequency at downstream locations in the basin. Policies are evaluated using an observed flow sequence and synthetic flow inputs. The paper reviews the historical development of flow management on the Monogahela to provide background for the current study.     

水煤浆加压气化制合成氨系统的三废排放情况及治理措施

简述了水煤浆加压气化制合成氨系统的特点，着重介绍了该系统制气工段和净化工段的三废排放情况及治理措施，并对仍存在的问题提出了看法。     

SYL-01破乳剂的合成及性能测试

在国内外研究的基础上通过实验以MAA、AA、BuAc、MMAc为原料，采用乳液聚合的方法合成了一种新型的不含烷氧基的水溶性W／O原油破乳剂SYL-01。反应条件与反应物的用量研究表明：反应物最佳配比为AA：MAA：BuAc：MMAC＝0．75：0．25：10：4。对原油乳液的破乳实验说明：SYL－01与目前使用的9901破乳剂性能相当，脱水率较高。SYL－01原料价廉易得，不使用易燃易爆的气体原料，工艺简单，有较好的开发应用前景。     

CM-3絮凝剂的室内研制及在含油污水处理中的应用

介绍复合高分子絮凝剂CM─3的研制。CM─3是以无机高分子聚合铝（PAC）、有机高分子改性聚丙烯酰胺（APAM）为主，添加少量的硫酸根离子及破乳剂复配而成的。经室内实验研究确定了适合的PAM分子量、改性PAM的胺甲基化度、PAM与PAC的比例以及其他组分的添加量，并与PAC比较进行了室内及现场应用试验，结果表明CM─3投药量为20～30mg／L时，炼油厂含油污水处理后的水质符合GB8978─88的标准。     

Monitoring of Fogwater Chemistry in the Gulf Coast Urban Industrial Corridor: Baton Rouge (Louisiana)

Seventeen fog events were sampled in Baton Rouge, Louisiana during 2002–2004 as part of characterizing wet deposition by fogwater in the heavily industrialized corridor along the Louisiana Gulf Coast in the United States. These samples were analyzed for chemical characteristics such as pH, conductivity, total organic and inorganic carbon, total metals and the principal ion concentrations. The dominant ionic species in all samples were NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻. The pH of the fogwater sampled had a mean value of 6.7 with two cases of acidic pH of 4.7. Rainwater and fogwater pH were similar in this region. The acidity of fogwater was a result of NO₃⁻ but partly offset by high NH₄⁺. The measured gaseous SO₂ accounted for a small percentage of the observed sulfate concentration, indicating additional gas-to-particle conversion of SO₂ to sulfate in fogwater. The gaseous NO_x accounted for most of the dissolved nitrate and nitrite concentration in fogwater. The high chloride concentration was attributable to the degradation of chlorinated organics in the atmosphere. The metal composition was traced directly to soil-derived aerosol precursors in the air. The major metals observed in fogwater were Na, K, Ca, Fe, Al, Mg and Zn. Of these Na, K, Ca and Mg were predominant with mean concentrations > 100 μM. Al, Fe and Zn were present in the samples, at mean concentrations < 100 μM. Small concentrations of Mn (7.8 μM), Cu (2 μM), Pb (0.07 μM) and As (0.32 μM) were also observed in the fogwaters, and these were shown to result from particulates (PM_2.5) in the atmosphere. The contribution to both ions and metals from the marine sources in the Louisiana Gulf Coast was minimal. The concentrations of all principal ionic species and metals in fogwater were 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than in rainwater. Several linear alkane organic compounds were observed in the fogwater, representing the contributions from petroleum products at concentrations far exceeding their aqueous solubility. A pesticide (atrazine) was also observed in fogwater, representing the contribution from the agricultural activities nearby.     

城市废水有机物生物降解性评价及难降解有机物治理对策

采用ＧＣ－ＭＳ法对某城市废水中的有机物组分进行了分析,利用好氧生物降解一级动力学模型,计算了各单项有机物的一级反应速率常数Ｋｂ（２０℃）,在此基础上,讨论了各单项有机物的生物降解特性。结果表明,某城市废水处理厂曝气池进水中主要有机物有３８种,出水中主要有机物有１６种;废水中的主要难降解有机物为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯。应通过污染源控制或适当的预处理,加强其治理。     

庆大霉素和金霉素废水的处理试验研究

对庆大霉素、金霉素及其混合废水的厌氧、好氧处理进行静态试验。结果表明,对于ＣＯＤ为１９２４０ｍｇ／Ｌ的庆大霉素废水,当厌氧反应时间为３ｄ,好氧１０ｈ时,ＣＯＤ去除率为９８．４％;ＣＯＤ为７７４０ｍｇ／Ｌ的庆大霉素和金霉素混合废水（１：２）,厌氧处理２ｄ,好氧１０ｈ时,ＣＯＤ去除９５．８％;庆大霉素废水厌氧处理３ｄ,金霉素废水厌氧处理６ｈ,再将这２种废水混合进行好氧处理４ｈ,其最终出水ＣＯＤ可小于３００ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Fruits

Fruit samples of ber, grapes and guava analysed for pesticide residues employing multiresidue analysis by gas liquid chromatography equipped with ECD and NPD detectors and capillary columns showed contamination with organochlorine, synthetic pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides. Among organochlorines, HCH, DDT and endosulfan were detected in almost all the samples. Residues of HCH and DDT were maximum in ber followed by grapes and guava where as of endosulfan were maximum in guava followed by grapes and ber. All the fruit samples showed the presence of residues with one or the other group of pesticides. Residues of none of the pesticides exceeded the MRL values in any sample. On the basis of these studies, it is suggested that monitoring studies should be extended to other fruits grown in different agro climatic regions which may serve as basis for future policy in chemical use.     

畜牧业污水中大环内酯和拟除虫菊酯类驱虫剂物质的LCMSMS检测

采用无需衍生化的同相萃取为前处理手段,高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱联用技术(LCMSMS)为检测手段,在电喷雾电离正离子模式下,对澳大利亚畜牧业污水中常见的大环内酯和拟除虫菊酯两类共7种驱虫剂物质的残留,建立了一次进样下的有效快速分析方法.经一系列优化试验,确定了以50%丙酮+50%乙腈为洗提剂、每次4 mL共8 mL的洗提方法.结果表明,该固相萃取技术(SPE)的加标回收试验结果较好,各化合物的平均回收率为95.50%～108.00%,相对标准差范围为0.73%-8.82%.以含10mmoL/L醋酸铵、0.1%甲酸的超纯水和甲醇混合溶液为流动相,以准分子离子峰[M+NH_4]~+、[M+H]~+作为母离子的定量离子对,所建立的1～500 ng/mL范围内的8点校正曲线中.各物质的相关系数均高于0.998 0,定量限范围为0.03-2.47 ng/mL.实际样品测定时.不同处理流程中各化合物的残留浓度有较好地体现.     

城市工业化灾害及其综合减灾设计对策──兼论北京城市防灾减灾的规划编研思路

文章从城市减灾问题研究的实际出发 ,认为城市灾害系统中对于城市威胁最大的城市工业化灾害至今重视不够 ,甚至缺少必要评估。无论是大中城市发展 ,还是大力倡导的中国小城镇建设 ,城市工业化防灾应引起关注。因此提出不仅应研究城市减灾中的工业化致灾问题 ,还必须关注工业建筑及建设中的防灾规划及布局 ,这是一项极为重要的可持续发展战略。