闸坝河流河道内生态需水研究——以淮河为例

提出了一种估算闸坝下游河道内生态需水的方法--改进的生态水力半径法（AdaptedEcologicalHydraulicRadiusApproach,AEHRA）,该法能够同时计算输出相应河段的生态水位,方便对闸坝进行调度。将其应用到淮河,以鱼类作为生态保护目标,估算了上、中、下游共4个典型闸坝下游河段的生态需水和生态水位,结果表明:①鱼类产卵期内需要较大的生态流量,其顺序为:蚌埠>周口>颍上>白龟山,下游大于上游,中游居中,受断面影响显著;非产卵期则为:周口>颍上>蚌埠>白龟山,中游大于上下游,受河流鱼种影响较大。周口闸下河段全年各月生态需水量相同,需加强上游闸坝的联合调度满足冬季12~-月的生态需水;②要维持河道内生态流量,需进行闸坝调度调整下游水位,保证生态水位;③淮河受人类活动影响剧烈,河流的连续性被切断,生态需水变化没有连续性,只有根据最小生态水位通过闸坝调度,维持河道生态系统最小生态需水,才能逐步恢复淮河健康生态。     

油砂开采尾砂无害化处理技术的研究进展

油砂开采面临的最大挑战是尾砂的处理以及如何提高尾砂油的回收率。结合国内外最新研究及实践成果,总结了尾砂的沉降、脱水、脱油和废弃物的处理方式,以及可用于提高尾砂油回收率的表面活性剂、碱剂、热解、超声波等方法,为尾砂的无害化处理提供了理论参考。     

Demographic shifts around drinking water supply reservoirs in North Carolina,USA

Infrastructure intended to serve the public good frequently has implications for environmental justice and social sustainability. Drinking water supplies for sub/urban areas in North Carolina, USA, have regularly been secured by constructing dams to impound reservoirs. We used high-resolution, publicly available US Census data to explore whether 66 such reservoirs in North Carolina have induced demographic shifts in the communities that find themselves adjacent to the newly created lakeshores. Our principal findings include: (1) The ratio of white people to non-white people was significantly higher in communities within 0.5 miles of reservoir shorelines than in more distant communities; (2) even as North Carolina overall became less white from 1990 to 2010, the ratio of white people to non-white people within the 0.5 miles of the shoreline increased relative to the overall ratio in the State; and (3) similar, but less distinct, shifts in per capita income occurred during the period. Our results are consistent with the proposition that reservoirs have induced demographic shifts in communities adjacent to newly created lakeshores similar to the shifts associated with environmental gentrification and amenity migration, and may now be associated with perpetuating those shifts. These findings raise concerns about environmental justice and social sustainability that should be considered when planning and building infrastructure that creates environmental amenities. Where reservoirs are being planned, social costs, including the costs of demographic shifts associated with environmental gentrification or amenity migration, and disproportionate regulatory burdens, should be mitigated through innovative policy if possible.     

Synthesis of Common Management Concerns Associated with Dam Removal

Managers make decisions regarding if and how to remove dams in spite of uncertainty surrounding physical and ecological responses, and stakeholders often raise concerns about certain negative effects, regardless of whether these concerns are warranted at a particular site. We used a dam‐removal science database supplemented with other information sources to explore seven frequently raised concerns, herein Common Management Concerns (CMCs). We investigate the occurrence of these concerns and the contributing biophysical controls. The CMCs addressed are the following: degree and rate of reservoir sediment erosion, excessive channel incision upstream of reservoirs, downstream sediment aggradation, elevated downstream turbidity, drawdown impacts on local water infrastructure, colonization of reservoir sediments by nonnative plants, and expansion of invasive fish. Biophysical controls emerged for some of the concerns, providing managers with information to assess whether a given concern is likely to occur at a site. To fully assess CMC risk, managers should concurrently evaluate site conditions and identify the ecosystem or human uses that will be negatively affected if the biophysical phenomenon producing the CMC occurs. We show how many CMCs have one or more controls in common, facilitating the identification of multiple risks at a site, and demonstrate why CMC risks should be considered in the context of other factors such as natural watershed variability and disturbance history.     

Scenario‐Based and Scenario‐Neutral Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Operational Performance of a Multipurpose Reservoir

Scenario‐based and scenario‐neutral impacts assessment approaches provide complementary information about how climate change‐driven effects on streamflow may change the operational performance of multipurpose dams. Examining a case study of Cougar Dam in Oregon, United States, we simulated current reservoir operations under scenarios of plausible future hydrology. Streamflow projections from the CGCM3.1 general circulation model for the A1B emission scenario were used to generate stochastic reservoir inflows that were then further perturbed to simulate a potentially drier future. These were then used to drive a simple reservoir model. In the scenario‐based analysis, we found reservoir operations are vulnerable to climate change. Increases in fall and winter inflow could lead to more frequent flood storage, reducing flexibility to store incoming flood flows. Uncertainty in spring inflow volume complicates projection of future filling performance. The reservoir may fill more or less often, depending on whether springs are wetter or drier. In the summer, drawdown may occur earlier to meet conservation objectives. From the scenario‐neutral analysis, we identified thresholds of streamflow magnitude that can predict climate change impacts for a wide range of scenarios. Our results highlight projected operational challenges for Cougar Dam and provide an example of how scenario‐based and scenario‐neutral approaches may be applied concurrently to assess climate change impacts.     

干湿循环作用对堆石长期变形影响的试验研究

堆石体存在流变,不仅与荷载有关,而且与日晒雨淋引起的干湿循环有关。通过室内试验模拟日晒雨淋引起的干湿循环作用,研究其对堆石体长期变形的影响。试验结果表明,荷载作用流变很快趋于稳定,测得的流变量也相对较小;偏应力状态干湿循环作用引起的长期变形非常明显,其变形占后期变形总量的50%~70%,且后期变形的衰减远小于荷载单独作用引起的流变,这对于坝体的安全和稳定的影响是不容忽视的。根据试验研究揭示的变形规律,本文建立了相应的计算干湿循环变形的数值模型,可用于有限元计算。     

水文生态学研究进展及应用前景

水文生态学是一门研究水文学和生态学交叉领域的新兴学科,目的是寻求对水文因子与生态系统间结构与功能的理解,是水资源可持续性管理的方法。自1992年在都柏林的国际水环境研讨会提出以来,水文生态学很快成为国外的研究热点问题之一,并已经取得了长足的发展。现在,淡水资源在世界上很多地区不仅是发展的限制因素,也是某些社会存在的限制因素。当前,中国水环境问题十分严峻,大坝的建设与河流生态系统保护间的矛盾日益突出;西部生态环境脆弱,水资源贫乏,土地荒漠化十分严重,解决这些问题对中国的经济和社会发展具有重要意义,需要有对水文生态学机制的深入了解。从水文生态学的定义、研究进展、展望等方面,系统地论述了目前水文生态学的研究进展,并结合中国实际情况,重点强调了河流水文生态学的进展和在中国大坝建设中的作用与意义。     

A tool to aid emergency managers and communities in appraising private dam safety and policy

Issues concerning dam safety and equitable sharing of catchment run-off are receiving more attention throughout the world. This paper assesses these matters in the context of Australia, and the need for policy responses. Landholders often overlook the common law obligation to review/design dams to current standards because of high costs, leaving them vulnerable to litigation if their dam fails. The paper reports on an innovative spillway design/review procedure, applicable to southeast Australia, but transferable to any region worldwide. Dam safety policy models and guidelines derived from international best practice are linked to the procedure and intended to aid government decision-making. The procedure minimises costs to landholders and provides an acceptable level of safety assurance to downstream communities. Also discussed are recent surveys testing community attitudes to the procedure and implemented dam safety and water allocation policies. These further guide any government wanting to implement this'integrated engineering and community partnerships'approach to preventing potential disasters due to private dam failure and achieving sustainable and safe water storage and use.     

尾矿坝浸润线的坝面快速观测方法研究

在尾矿砂含水率和电阻率关系研究的基础上,提出了在坝体表面进行高密度电法测量的方法获得电阻率剖面。该方法通过室内实验,可判断浸润线位置,具有可需钻孔施工,机动灵活,工程量小,误差小,测点多,分辨率高等优点,通过实际工程应用,证明该方法能够快速准确地对尾矿坝浸润线实施观测。     

平稳随机地震动模型及其在土石坝随机地震反应分析中的应用

考虑地震动的随机性,根据随机过程理论,提出一种简单的模拟平稳随机过程的地震动模型,并给出了确定模型参数的原则和方法。继而,将其应用于一均质土坝,并与K ana i谱和M arkov谱进行了比较,验证了该模型的合理性。同时,探讨了该土石坝在随机地震动激励下的地震反应。