基于尾矿库安全物联网决策支持系统研究

尾矿库安全管理是一项非常复杂的系统工程,针对湖南黄金集团高流坑尾矿库安全管理工作人工依赖性强、智能化程度低,灾情实时判断与预警控制决策效率低等不足特点,提出物联网技术,结合先进的数据感知技术,将数据采集、处理、分析及决策等环节进行一体化综合集成,研究设计尾矿库安全物联网决策支持系统。使尾矿库建设运营参与各方加强认知和揭示尾矿库安全灾变规律,为实现尾矿库安全管理智能预警决策提供有力的辅助支持。     

尾矿坝浸润线时空混沌及其安全机理

在单向耦合映象格子模型基础上,考虑尾矿坝坡角因素,建立了浸润线耦合映象格子模型vn 1(i)=(1-ε)f(vn(i)) ε(1 sinθ)f(vn(i-1)).根据浸润线的初值条件和边界条件,对该模型进行了非线性动力学分析.结果表明,浸润线演化存在复杂时空混沌行为,可分为随机图样流、选择图样流、缺陷传播行为及完全发展湍流4种.非线性强度α和耦合强度ε的取值范围较小, 且ε较小时就可以得到非常丰富的动力学图案.浸润线演化受坡角影响比较明显,坡角越大越容易出现混沌状态.浸润线的各种时空行为反映了其相应的客观状态,从而揭示了浸润线的安全机理.浸润线耦合映象格子模型也可以用来解释其他各类边坡的复杂渗流现象.     

土石坝渗透破坏过程的一种分析方法

提出了一种描述土石坝渗透破坏溃决全过程的数值模型及数值计算方法,并利用甘肃小海子水库渗透破坏溃坝事件的调查资料对其合理性进行了验证;运用该模型,比较分析了初始渗透通道高程对土石坝渗透破坏溃坝过程的影响。结果发现,初始渗透通道高程对溃口发展过程、溃口洪水流量过程和最大下泄水量具有重要影响,初始渗透通道高程越低,因通道上部坝体发生坍塌而导致的管道流转变成堰流的时间越迟,溃口底部经受的冲蚀也更强烈,最终溃口宽度也更大;初始渗透通道高程越低,溃口峰值流量越小,溃口流量过程曲线更为扁胖,下泄水量也最大。     

Influence of the chemical and mineralogical composition on the acidity of an abandoned copper mine in the Bor river valley (eastern Serbia)

Since the end of operations in 1987, the flotation tailing pond in the area of the former Bor River valley has been left without any type of remediation, leading to a great environmental impact on the wider surrounding area. Because the relative abundance of minerals is critical in determining the quality of the water draining from such materials, research to define the influence of the chemical and mineralogical characteristics on the acidity of the Bor flotation tailing was performed. With this aim in mind, core sampling from eight, 20-m deep drilling holes was undertaken, followed by mineralogical analysis of the composites from each drilling hole and chemical analysis of the composites of the holes and samples taken every 5 m. In addition, the tailing acidity was measured on samples from all drilling holes taken every 1 m from the surface to the base of the tailing using distilled water and 1 M KCl. The average tailing acidity was very high, with a pH value between 2.2 and 4.0 along the depth of the holes, indicating that pyrite, as the dominant sulphide mineral, was oxidised even in the deepest layers of flotation tailing.     

铜尾矿对油菜生长和生理功能的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了铜陵铜尾矿对油菜生长和生理功能的影响.结果表明,油菜种子能在铜尾矿上萌发,但发芽率和发芽速率均小于正常土壤.尾矿能降低油菜叶绿素含量,而且对叶绿素a/b比值也有影响.在尾矿胁迫下,油菜叶片的细胞膜透性增加,硝酸还原酶活性降低,抗坏血酸含量下降,表明尾矿对油菜具有毒害作用.与对照相比,尾矿处理油菜根系表现为主根变短,侧根数减少,根系体积明显变小.尾矿能明显抑制油菜幼苗的根和茎叶生物量,降低根冠比.随着油菜的生长发育,尾矿的毒害作用更加明显.尾矿对油菜的影响最终反映在油菜的产量上.铜元素的毒害和尾矿的极端贫瘠是影响油菜生长的2个因素.成熟期油菜各器官铜含量大小依次为根＞茎叶＞籽粒,籽粒中铜含量与土壤和尾矿混合物中有效铜含量在α=0.01水平上显著正相关.     

三门峡水利枢纽工程生态影响后评价

为推动生态影响后评价的实施,完善水利水电工程的全过程环境管理,在阐述三门峡水利枢纽工程所在区域生态环境现状的基础上,度量了研究区的植被净第一性生产力以及气候生产潜力,分析了水生态环境特征的变化,以及研究区生物多样性和致灾因子在水库建成蓄水前后的不同特征．分析结果表明,水库的建设与运行对局部区域植被净生产力有一定影响,并对水生态环境有不利影响。     

苏丹草对铜尾矿的适应性研究

针对铜尾矿废弃地的复垦,选用苏丹草进行5种不同改良方式的盆栽试验.不同盆栽处理以m(尾矿土)∶m(菜园土)分别为0∶100,25∶75,50∶50,75∶25和100∶0配比混合而成.结果表明,低尾矿土含量处理对苏丹草生长无明显抑制现象,抗氧化酶活性随尾矿土含量上升而升高.在纯尾矿土处理中,苏丹草抗氧化酶系统平衡被破坏,MDA含量显著上升,ρ(叶绿素)下降,植物株高和干质量明显降低.通过对苏丹草地上和地下部分对不同尾矿土含量土壤中铜的吸收研究可知,其对铜不具备积累特性.虽然苏丹草对铜的积累量较小,但是由于能适应矿业废弃地极端的环境并且具有一定的耐性,生物量大,故可以选择用于铜矿废弃地的植被重建.      

汛期尾矿坝溃坝事故树分析

根据汛期尾矿坝溃坝的一些典型事例,概括出了导致尾矿坝溃坝的基本事件,应用事故树分析中的最小割集、最小径集及结构重要度,对汛期尾矿坝溃坝事故进行了研究,结果表明,可以选择由滑坡量大、超出正常设计的降雨、未采取有效的排洪措施、大于设计烈度的地震4个事件构成的最小径集作为控制汛期尾矿坝溃坝事故发生的途径,未采取有效的排洪措施是这一途径中的控制重点,可以通过修复或增设排洪设施,汛前降低库水位等措施来实现,这对指导尾矿坝防洪渡汛有重要意义。     

尾矿坝的液化判别研究

概述尾矿坝液化试验判别的一般步骤,即根据《建筑抗震设计规范》中的初判条件对尾矿坝土层进行初判,在尾矿坝土层不满足初判的条件下,利用标准贯入试验对尾矿坝是否存在液化危害进行复判。影响尾矿料液化的因素很多,现有的液化判别方法过于繁琐,在综合考虑希德简化法和《构筑物抗震设计规范》提出的简化法的基础上,提出了一种主要考虑地震震级以及尾矿料的中值粒径、相对密度、静应力和尾矿料物理力学指标影响因素,并将其他影响因素综合为一个影响因素的简化判别法。以某个进行了标准贯入试验的尾矿坝为工程实例,采用简化判别法对该尾矿坝进行理论分析计算,并对试验和计算结果进行比较,得出理论分析结果与试验结果一致,表明该方法切实可行,可供类似工程参考。     

Upstream Channel Changes Following Dam Construction and Removal Using a GIS/Remote Sensing Approach1

Abstract: This study used an innovative GIS/remote sensing approach to study historical river channel changes in the Huron River, a wandering gravel‐bedded river in northern Ohio. Eight sets of historical aerial photographs (1958‐2003) span the construction of a low‐head dam (1969), removal of the spillway (1994), and removal of the dam itself (2002). Construction of the dam modified stream gradients >4 km upstream of the small impounded reservoir. This study tracked changes in the polygon size, shape, and centroid position of 12 sand‐gravel bars through a study reach 0.2‐4.1 km upstream of the dam. These bars were highly responsive, tending to migrate obliquely downstream and toward the outer bank at rates up to 9 m/year. Historical changes in the size and position of the bars can be interpreted as the downstream translation of one or more sediment waves. Prior to dam construction, a sediment wave moved downstream through the study reach. Following construction of the dam, this sediment wave became stationary and degraded in situ by dispersion. The growth of bars throughout the study reach during this time interval resulted in a progressive increase in channel sinuosity. Removal of the spillway rejuvenated downstream translation of a sediment wave through the study reach and was followed by a reduction in channel sinuosity. These results illustrate that important geomorphologic changes can occur upstream of low‐head dams. This may be a neglected area of research about the effects of dams and dam removals.