National implications of a 50% global reduction of greenhouse gases, and its feasibility in Japan

This paper considers three questions concerning a low-carbon society. The first is the implication of a 50% reduction in greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 2050. In the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report, released in 2007 (IPCC 2007b; http://www.gtp89.dial.pipex.com/chpt.htm), the suggested limit of increase in average worldwide temperatures is 2–3°C above the current level, but is this consistent with a 50% reduction by 2050? Second, when a 50% reduction in global emissions is envisioned, what is the level of reduction needed in Japan? Should the 50% reduction be uniform for advanced industrial countries and developing countries, or differentiated based on a country’s emissions? Third, how feasible are emission reduction targets in Japan? Even if the emission reduction target set for each country takes into account climate change impact and equity, whether the target is technically, or socially and economically, acceptable is another matter.     

上海市环境污染事故风险受体脆弱性评价研究

从环境风险受体敏感性和适应力两方面构建了脆弱性概念模型,在此基础上,考虑社会经济脆弱性和生态系统脆弱性,选取14个指标构建了上海市环境污染事故风险受体综合脆弱性评价指标体系.研究结果表明：上海市中心城区社会脆弱性较高,而崇明岛、南汇、奉贤的社会经济脆弱性最低;黄浦江上游水源保护区、崇明岛东滩湿地生态系统脆弱性较高,浦东...     

基于密集度试验的单兵火箭贮存可靠性研究

立靶密集度是单兵火箭的重要战术技术指标,文中通过对某型单兵火箭进行立靶密集度试验,得到了某型单兵火箭的贮存可靠性数据。数据表明贮存期内虽然产生了老化现象,但并未对立靶密集度产生影响,同时分析了影响该项指标的薄弱环节,为提高单兵火箭质量管理水平提供了重要依据。     

How percentage-protected targets can support positive biodiversity outcomes

Global targets for the percentage area of land protected, such as 30% by 2030, have gained increasing prominence, but both their scientific basis and likely effectiveness have been questioned. As with emissions-reduction targets based on desired climate outcomes, percentage-protected targets combine values and science by estimating the area over which conservation actions are required to help achieve desired biodiversity outcomes. Protected areas are essential for achieving many biodiversity targets, in part because many species are highly sensitive to human-associated disturbance. However, because the contribution of protected areas to biodiversity outcomes is contingent on their location, management, governance, threats, and what occurs across the broader landscape matrix, global percentage-protected targets are unavoidably empirical generalizations of ecological patterns and processes across diverse geographies. Percentage-protected targets are insufficient in isolation but can complement other actions and contribute to biodiversity outcomes within a framework that balances accuracy and pragmatism in a global context characterized by imperfect biodiversity data. Ideally, percentage-protected targets serve as anchors that strengthen comprehensive national biodiversity strategies by communicating the level of ambition necessary to reverse current trends of biodiversity loss. If such targets are to fulfill this role within the complex societal process by which both values and science impel conservation actions, conservation scientists must clearly communicate the nature of the evidence base supporting percentage-protected targets and how protected areas can function within a broader landscape managed for sustainable coexistence between people and nature. A new paradigm for protected and conserved areas recognizes that national coordination, incentives, and monitoring should support rather than undermine diverse locally led conservation initiatives. However, the definition of a conserved area must retain a strong focus on biodiversity to remain consistent with the evidence base from which percentage-protected targets were originally derived.     

供水项目节能评估相关问题探讨

节能评估和审查已成为项目审批的前置条件。由于供水项目节能评估开展不久,缺乏相应的行业能耗标准和规范,现有的节能评估文件中存在一些误区。针对供水项目的特点,重点对节能评估中耗能量计算和基于节能的供水综合单位电耗等问题进行探讨,并从节能的角度出发,提出选泵和能耗统计方面的相关建议。     

应用VSD动态酸化模型确定区域酸沉降控制目标研究

为了控制区域酸沉降污染,需要制定科学的区域大气酸沉降控制目标.本研究建立了应用VSD动态模型的多点位模拟和累积频率分布曲线统计方法,通过模拟各酸沉降情景下某一目标年区域内土壤理化特性的变化确定其酸沉降控制目标.将此方法应用于广州-东莞-惠州地区,在现场测量区域内25点位土壤特征的基础上,应用VSD模型模拟各点位土壤特征对酸沉降的响应,再将模拟结果绘制成累积频率分布曲线,据此确定该区域酸沉降控制目标.结果表明,单独控制S沉降时,若使得该区域生态保护率达到80%,则短期和长期S沉降的控制目标分别为7.68~12g/(m2×a)和10.24~16g/(m2×a);若生态保护率为95%,短期和长期S沉降控制目标分别为5.12~8g/(m2×a)和7.68~12g/(m2×a).同时控制S和BC沉降时,若生态保护率为80%,当BC沉降为6.4~12.8g/(m2×a)时,短期和长期S的控制目标分别为2.56~4g/(m2×a)和5.12~8g/(m2×a);当BC沉降为4.8~9.6g/(m2×a)时,S的控制目标为2.56~4g/(m2×a).若生态保护率为95%,当BC沉降为6.4~12.8g/(m2×a)时,短期和长期S的控制目标分别为0.64~1g/(m2×a)和5.12~8g/(m2×a);当BC沉降为4.8~9.6g/(m2×a)时,短期和长期S的控制目标分别为0.64~1g/(m2×a)和2.56~4g/(m2×a);当BC沉降量降至2~4g/(m2×a),则80%和95%生态保护率下的S控制目标均为0.64~1g/(m2×a).     

桂林市菜地土壤和蔬菜铅含量调查与污染评价

从桂林市采集566个蔬菜样品以及相对应的160个菜地土壤样品,同时还采集了背景土壤样品32个,测试其w(Pb),结合GIS制图和数理统计,对土壤铅空间分布特征、土壤和蔬菜中Pb的含量与富集特征进行了分析. 结果表明:桂林市土壤w(Pb)空间差异大,呈西南低、东部和北部高的特点;桂林市菜地土壤w(Pb)的范围、算术平均值和几何平均值分别为10.14～249.00、43.80和38.62 mg/kg,与背景土壤相比,菜地土壤铅积累显著(P为0.001). 蔬菜(以鲜质量计)中w(Pb)范围、中值和几何平均值分别为0.001～1.425、0.050和0.042 mg/kg,综合超标率为6.71%;叶菜类蔬菜w(Pb)显著高于根茎类和瓜果类,甘蓝、萝卜、西红柿和豆类的抗铅污染能力最强,而辣椒和茼蒿的抗铅污染能力则较差;桂林市居民人均通过蔬菜消费摄入铅的量为13.0 μg/d,不存在明显的健康风险.      

Tissue distribution of antimony (Sb) in piglets orally given graded levels of Sb (V)

The potential risks from oral intake of soil antimony (Sb) depends mainly on the amount of metal ingested and its bioavailability. Relative bioavailability may be determined by comparing Sb present in soil to a reference compound, taking into account accumulation in different target tissues or excretion. However, due to the lack of scientific knowledge concerning the fate of Sb in the organism, there is a need to study the absorption and distribution of Sb in order to select target tissues for assessment of bioavailability of Sb in soils. Thus, 45 piglets were exposed to a soluble pentavalent antimony salt (KSb(OH)₆), for 15 days at concentrations ranging from 0–1600 µg Sb/kg body weight (BW) per day. Following the exposure period, blood, plasma, liver, spleen, kidneys, hair, bone, bile and urine were obtained to measure Sb concentrations by ICP-MS. Results showed that tissue Sb levels were dose-related. Higher Sb concentrations were found in urine, kidneys, hair, bone and liver. Sb(V) was not detectable in blood and plasma. In the case of highly contaminated soil with soluble forms of Sb in concentrations ranging from 200–1600 µg Sb/kg BW, kidneys, liver and spleen are the most reliable compartments to determine Sb bioavailability from soil. However, for the soils with lower levels of contamination and a low Sb bioaccessibility, urine may serve as a relevant compartment.     

2010年生物多样性目标:指标与进展

针对全球生物多样性急剧下降的态势,2002年<生物多样性公约>缔约方大会通过了2010年生物多样性目标,即"到2010年大幅度降低全球、区域和国家的生物多样性丧失速度".文章分析了2010年生物多样性目标的产生背景和主要内容,讨论了2010年目标评估指标,阐述了全球和国家层次的2010年目标实施进展.最后,展望了2020年生物多样性目标及其战略重点、实施支持机制.     

哈密地区生态建设中存在的问题与对策探讨

哈密地区在未来优势资源转换战略,社会经济跨越式发展过程中,将如何面对脆弱的生态环境,日益突出的工业污染以及局部区域环境质量恶化的状况。文章对加快地区生态规划建设,寻求解决生态建设中存在的问题以及完成"十二五"期间生态建设目标和任务的对策做了阐述。并就加强生态保护监督与管理、生态基础建设和加强农村生态建设与保护等方面进行了分析探讨。