How percentage-protected targets can support positive biodiversity outcomes

Global targets for the percentage area of land protected, such as 30% by 2030, have gained increasing prominence, but both their scientific basis and likely effectiveness have been questioned. As with emissions-reduction targets based on desired climate outcomes, percentage-protected targets combine values and science by estimating the area over which conservation actions are required to help achieve desired biodiversity outcomes. Protected areas are essential for achieving many biodiversity targets, in part because many species are highly sensitive to human-associated disturbance. However, because the contribution of protected areas to biodiversity outcomes is contingent on their location, management, governance, threats, and what occurs across the broader landscape matrix, global percentage-protected targets are unavoidably empirical generalizations of ecological patterns and processes across diverse geographies. Percentage-protected targets are insufficient in isolation but can complement other actions and contribute to biodiversity outcomes within a framework that balances accuracy and pragmatism in a global context characterized by imperfect biodiversity data. Ideally, percentage-protected targets serve as anchors that strengthen comprehensive national biodiversity strategies by communicating the level of ambition necessary to reverse current trends of biodiversity loss. If such targets are to fulfill this role within the complex societal process by which both values and science impel conservation actions, conservation scientists must clearly communicate the nature of the evidence base supporting percentage-protected targets and how protected areas can function within a broader landscape managed for sustainable coexistence between people and nature. A new paradigm for protected and conserved areas recognizes that national coordination, incentives, and monitoring should support rather than undermine diverse locally led conservation initiatives. However, the definition of a conserved area must retain a strong focus on biodiversity to remain consistent with the evidence base from which percentage-protected targets were originally derived.     

供水项目节能评估相关问题探讨

节能评估和审查已成为项目审批的前置条件。由于供水项目节能评估开展不久,缺乏相应的行业能耗标准和规范,现有的节能评估文件中存在一些误区。针对供水项目的特点,重点对节能评估中耗能量计算和基于节能的供水综合单位电耗等问题进行探讨,并从节能的角度出发,提出选泵和能耗统计方面的相关建议。     

应用VSD动态酸化模型确定区域酸沉降控制目标研究

为了控制区域酸沉降污染,需要制定科学的区域大气酸沉降控制目标.本研究建立了应用VSD动态模型的多点位模拟和累积频率分布曲线统计方法,通过模拟各酸沉降情景下某一目标年区域内土壤理化特性的变化确定其酸沉降控制目标.将此方法应用于广州-东莞-惠州地区,在现场测量区域内25点位土壤特征的基础上,应用VSD模型模拟各点位土壤特征对酸沉降的响应,再将模拟结果绘制成累积频率分布曲线,据此确定该区域酸沉降控制目标.结果表明,单独控制S沉降时,若使得该区域生态保护率达到80%,则短期和长期S沉降的控制目标分别为7.68~12g/(m2×a)和10.24~16g/(m2×a);若生态保护率为95%,短期和长期S沉降控制目标分别为5.12~8g/(m2×a)和7.68~12g/(m2×a).同时控制S和BC沉降时,若生态保护率为80%,当BC沉降为6.4~12.8g/(m2×a)时,短期和长期S的控制目标分别为2.56~4g/(m2×a)和5.12~8g/(m2×a);当BC沉降为4.8~9.6g/(m2×a)时,S的控制目标为2.56~4g/(m2×a).若生态保护率为95%,当BC沉降为6.4~12.8g/(m2×a)时,短期和长期S的控制目标分别为0.64~1g/(m2×a)和5.12~8g/(m2×a);当BC沉降为4.8~9.6g/(m2×a)时,短期和长期S的控制目标分别为0.64~1g/(m2×a)和2.56~4g/(m2×a);当BC沉降量降至2~4g/(m2×a),则80%和95%生态保护率下的S控制目标均为0.64~1g/(m2×a).     

桂林市菜地土壤和蔬菜铅含量调查与污染评价

从桂林市采集566个蔬菜样品以及相对应的160个菜地土壤样品,同时还采集了背景土壤样品32个,测试其w(Pb),结合GIS制图和数理统计,对土壤铅空间分布特征、土壤和蔬菜中Pb的含量与富集特征进行了分析. 结果表明:桂林市土壤w(Pb)空间差异大,呈西南低、东部和北部高的特点;桂林市菜地土壤w(Pb)的范围、算术平均值和几何平均值分别为10.14～249.00、43.80和38.62 mg/kg,与背景土壤相比,菜地土壤铅积累显著(P为0.001). 蔬菜(以鲜质量计)中w(Pb)范围、中值和几何平均值分别为0.001～1.425、0.050和0.042 mg/kg,综合超标率为6.71%;叶菜类蔬菜w(Pb)显著高于根茎类和瓜果类,甘蓝、萝卜、西红柿和豆类的抗铅污染能力最强,而辣椒和茼蒿的抗铅污染能力则较差;桂林市居民人均通过蔬菜消费摄入铅的量为13.0 μg/d,不存在明显的健康风险.      

Tissue distribution of antimony (Sb) in piglets orally given graded levels of Sb (V)

The potential risks from oral intake of soil antimony (Sb) depends mainly on the amount of metal ingested and its bioavailability. Relative bioavailability may be determined by comparing Sb present in soil to a reference compound, taking into account accumulation in different target tissues or excretion. However, due to the lack of scientific knowledge concerning the fate of Sb in the organism, there is a need to study the absorption and distribution of Sb in order to select target tissues for assessment of bioavailability of Sb in soils. Thus, 45 piglets were exposed to a soluble pentavalent antimony salt (KSb(OH)₆), for 15 days at concentrations ranging from 0–1600 µg Sb/kg body weight (BW) per day. Following the exposure period, blood, plasma, liver, spleen, kidneys, hair, bone, bile and urine were obtained to measure Sb concentrations by ICP-MS. Results showed that tissue Sb levels were dose-related. Higher Sb concentrations were found in urine, kidneys, hair, bone and liver. Sb(V) was not detectable in blood and plasma. In the case of highly contaminated soil with soluble forms of Sb in concentrations ranging from 200–1600 µg Sb/kg BW, kidneys, liver and spleen are the most reliable compartments to determine Sb bioavailability from soil. However, for the soils with lower levels of contamination and a low Sb bioaccessibility, urine may serve as a relevant compartment.     

2010年生物多样性目标:指标与进展

针对全球生物多样性急剧下降的态势,2002年<生物多样性公约>缔约方大会通过了2010年生物多样性目标,即"到2010年大幅度降低全球、区域和国家的生物多样性丧失速度".文章分析了2010年生物多样性目标的产生背景和主要内容,讨论了2010年目标评估指标,阐述了全球和国家层次的2010年目标实施进展.最后,展望了2020年生物多样性目标及其战略重点、实施支持机制.     

石头口门水库流域水污染物排放总量控制目标的确定方法研究

流域水污染物排放总量控制目标的确定是当前总量控制领域的研究热点。采用ReNuMa模型对石头口门水库流域建立了污染源—水质的定量响应关系,从径流量、总氮的模拟结果来看,模型的模拟精度满足要求。其次,建立了包括4部分内容(容量总量控制目标、规划年预测排污量、目标合理性因子、环境管理调控系数)的流域总氮总量控制目标确定模型。通过模型计算得到2020年石头口门水库流域总氮的总量控制目标为2.49万t。该总量控制目标确定模型统筹了目标总量控制与容量总量控制要求,兼具科学性与可行性。     

基于政府视角的人力资本投资分析

本文首先分析了政府在人力资本投资中的作用，然后从实现政府工作目标的角度探讨了人力资本投资的重要意义，最后提出增加人力资本投资的政策性建议．     

煤矿区资源开发与生态保护指标体系的建立

以煤炭资源开发对矿区生态环境的污染和破坏现状为基础，以实现煤矿区可持续发展为目标，论述煤矿区资源开发与生态保护指标体系建立的指导思想、基本原则、基本要求及主要的指标类型，以及指标体系的建立对实现煤矿区可持续发展的意义。     

钻井过程人员异常行为视频智能识别系统

针对钻井现场视频监控人工值守工作量大、异常行为识别不及时、海量视频数据缺乏实时报警等问题,结合钻井作业操作规程建立井控坐岗监测、起下钻、甩钻具等钻井作业场景典型异常行为判别规则,在基于卷积神经网络的目标检测方法基础上,引入SIFT方法和基于强化学习的困难样本筛选策略,提高了算法识别的准确率与鲁棒性。测试结果表明,在像素分辨率1 920×1 080的情况下,该方法整体识别准确率达到85%以上,平均识别速度为135 ms/帧。在此基础上,开发了钻井过程人员异常行为智能识别系统,试点应用结果表明,该系统能够对接入的视频流进行实时检测,及时、准确识别出坐岗人员擅自离岗、起下钻及甩钻具过程人员危险站位等异常行为,有效提升钻井现场安全管理水平。