游离亚硝酸抑制硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter)活性动力学研究

为探究游离亚硝酸（FNA）对亚硝酸盐氧化细菌中硝化杆菌属（Nitrobacter）活性抑制动力学影响,采用序批式活性污泥（SBR）反应器,在通过改变系统进水FNA浓度达到富集Nitrobacter基础上,以富含Nitrobacter污泥为对象（宏基因组物种注释和丰度分析显示上Nitrobacter占细菌总数40.3%）,基于批次试验,考察不同FNA浓度梯度下亚硝酸盐氧化过程比亚硝态氮氧化速率（SNiOR）变化规律,进而拟合FNA抑制Nitrobacter活性抑制动力学模型,并进行统计学分析.结果表明,当FNA≤0.1mg/L时,随着FNA浓度升高,SNiOR迅速升高.当FNA>0.1mg/L时,SNiOR随着FNA浓度升高而降低.尤其当FNA浓度高于0.7mg/L时,SNiOR始终维持在0gN/（gVSS·d）,表明Nitrobacter活性统被完全抑制.统计学分析结果显示相对于Haldane、Aiba、Edwards-1#、Edwards-2#、Luong抑制动力学模型,Han-Levenspiel模型最适合描述FNA对Nitrobacter活性的抑制影响.其统计学常数：残差平方和（RSS）为0.02、可决系数（R²）为0.90、拟合方程的方差检验统计量F值为78.1、可信度P值为3.29×10^-12,其动力学常数值分别为：最大比亚硝态氮氧化速率（r_max）为1.57gN/（gVSS·d）;半饱和常数（K_S）为0.01mg/L;临界抑制常数（S_m）为0.66mg/L.     

自发热持续高温好氧堆肥碳、氮、腐殖酸变化过程

为了探索超高温自发热好氧污泥堆肥过程中有机碳、氮、腐殖酸变化过程,以1m³小堆体好氧堆肥的形式进行了深入研究.结果表明：水溶性COD从23.18mg/g增大到47.49mg/g,然后逐渐减少至30.67mg/g.总有机碳和TN在前7d减量最多,分别从207.45mg/g,45.40mg/g降到157.86mg/g,38.23mg/g,并在第35d趋于稳定.NH₄⁺-N从9.89mg/g逐渐增加到14.04mg/g,堆肥过程中NO₂^--N,NO₃^--N含量极低,总含量低于0.07mg/g,不足TN的0.2%.TN损失达82.87%,主要通过氨气挥发的途径.腐殖酸含量前7d从115.12mg/g迅速上升至214.11mg/g,第21d缓慢下降至154.47mg/g,趋于稳定.腐殖度E4/E6在3.49~4.23范围内变化,总体呈上升趋势,不适用于本工艺腐熟判定.     

有机酸对B-Fe/Ni降解阿莫西林的影响

为了研究水体中的有机酸对B-Fe/Ni（膨润土负载纳米铁/镍）降解阿莫西林的影响,以HA（腐殖酸）和EDTA（乙二胺四乙酸）作为研究对象,系统分析了不同质量浓度HA（0、10、50、100 mg/L）和EDTA（0、10、50、100 mg/L）对B-Fe/Ni降解阿莫西林的影响.以阿莫西林的降解率来考察HA和EDTA对B-Fe/Ni降解阿莫西林的效率产生的影响,并采用SEM（扫描电子显微镜）和XRD（X射线粉末衍射）等手段,探究了这两种有机酸对B-Fe/Ni降解阿莫西林产生影响的原因.结果表明:①当反应时间为10 min时,在HA质量浓度分别为0、10、50、100 mg/L的体系中,阿莫西林的降解率分别为63.6%、88.6%、87.3%、81.8%;②当反应时间为10 min时,在EDTA质量浓度分别为0、10、50、100 mg/L的的体系中,阿莫西林的降解率分别为63.6%、74.3%、65.7%、33.6%;③纳米铁在反应过程中被氧化为铁氧化物或氢氧化物沉淀,形成钝化层.研究显示,HA和EDTA在低质量浓度下会对B-Fe/Ni降解阿莫西林产生促进作用,而在高质量浓度下则会产生抑制作用.      

腐殖酸影响剩余污泥厌氧消化过程实验研究

以实验室培养、几乎不含腐殖质和金属离子的剩余污泥作为研究对象,选择与市政污泥中腐殖酸特征相近的市售腐殖酸为外加填充物,实验研究污泥中所含腐殖质对污泥厌氧消化过程的抑制作用.通过设置腐殖酸不同投加比例(0、5%、10%、15%和20%,以VSS计),探究腐殖酸对厌氧消化不同过程的影响.实验结果表明,腐殖酸抑制厌氧消化生物气产气量.填加15%腐殖酸时对厌氧消化产气量抑制作用最为明显,较未添加腐殖酸对照组产气量下降了35%;但并未对生物气中CH_4体积比产生太大影响,说明抑制影响是对生物气整体性的.腐殖酸亦可抑制厌氧水解过程,投加20%腐殖酸实验组实验结束时残留于上清液中的溶解性多糖、蛋白质浓度分别是对照组的2.2和1.6倍.然而,腐殖酸作为外源电子受体,可以在一定程度上促进酸化过程,其程度在填加20%腐殖酸实验组表现最高,较对照组VFAs提高了11.3%.腐殖酸投加未对系统pH产生明显影响,各实验组pH值均在7.09~7.54间变化.     

Relating Cd2 + binding by humic acids to molecular weight: A modeling and spectroscopic study

Molecular weight(Mw) is a fundamental property of humic acids(HAs), which considerably affect the mobility and speciation of heavy metals in the environment. In this study, soil humic acid(HA) extracted from Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing was ultra-filtered into four fractions according to the molecular weight, and their properties were characterized.Complexation of cadmium was investigated by titration experiments. For the first time,Langmuir and non-ideal competitive adsorption-Donna(NICA-Donnan) models combined with fluorescence excitation-emission matrix(EEM) quenching were employed to elucidate the binding characteristics of individual Mw fractions of HA. The results showed that the concentration of acidic functional groups decreased with increasing Mw, especially the phenolic groups. The humification degree and aliphaticity increased with increasing Mw as indicated by elemental composition analysis and FT-IR spectra. The binding capacity of Cd~(2+) to Mw fractions of HA followed the order UF1( 5 kDa) UF2(5–10 kDa) UF4( 30 kDa) UF3(10–30 kDa). Moreover, the distribution of cadmium speciation indicated that the phenolic groups were responsible for the variations in binding of Cd~(2+) among different Mw fractions. The results of fluorescence quenching illustrated that the binding capacity of Cd~(2+) to Mw fractions was controlled by the content of functional groups, while the binding affinity was largely influenced by structural factors. The results provide a better understanding of the roles that different HA Mw fractions play in heavy metal binding,which has important implications in the control of heavy metal migration and bio-toxicity.     

酸雨的研究现状及新兴趋式的可视化分析

以Web of Science核心集中的SCI-E、SSCI、CPCI-S及中国知网CNKI为数据源,以2000—2017年所发表的有关酸雨研究的2 333篇SCI及2 107篇中文文献为分析对象,分析了相关文献的时空分布。使用可视化软件Cite Space V生成了期刊共被引图谱、作者合作图谱、作者共被引图谱、关键词共现图谱及参考文献共被引图谱,分析了该研究领域的研究现状及新兴趋式。国际上,该领域近4年来的研究热度逐年上升,高产期刊为Atmospheric Environment,高被引期刊为Wa-ter,Air,&Soil Pollution,中国和美国是从事酸雨研究的主要国家,该领域的高产机构是中国科学院。同时还介绍了从事酸雨研究的主要科研团队和有影响力的个人。由关键词共现分析和参考文献共被引分析可知,中国的酸雨问题是目前的研究热点,酸雨对植物光合作用的影响和中国南方的酸雨问题是当前研究出现的新兴趋式。国内方面,我国于2010年左右对酸雨研究的热度达到顶峰,主要的研究机构是江南大学、南京大学及浙江大学。此外,也介绍了国内从事酸雨研究的主要个人及科研团队。     

柠檬酸及EDTA对土壤中六价铬的淋洗修复效果研究

主要研究柠檬酸和EDTA淋洗剂对六价铬污染土壤的淋洗修复效果,重点考察淋洗剂浓度、液固比、淋洗时间和淋洗方式对土壤六价铬去除效果的影响。研究结果表明：随着淋洗剂浓度的增加,柠檬酸淋洗剂对供试土壤六价铬的去除率逐渐升高,最高为54．0%,而EDTA淋洗剂对供试土壤的去除率先升高后降低,浓度在0．4 mol·L-1时达到最高,为66．3%;土壤六价铬去除率随液固比的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,当液固比为7：1时,0．5 mol·L-1柠檬酸和0．1 mol·L-1 EDTA淋洗剂对供试土壤六价铬的去除率最高,分别为69．6%和61．9%;增加淋洗时间,供试土壤六价铬的去除率逐渐升高,2 h后增幅不大;就清洗方式而言,EDTA淋洗剂一次加入对土壤六价铬的去除效果最好,而柠檬酸淋洗剂宜采用二次加入一次分离的方式。     

Preliminary investigation of phosphorus adsorption onto two types of iron oxide-organic matter complexes

Iron oxide(FeO)coated by natural organic matter(NOM)is ubiquitous.The associations of minerals with organic matter(OM)significantly changes their surface properties and reactivity,and thus affect the environmental fate of pollutants,including nutrients(e.g.,phosphorus(P)).In this study,ferrihydrite/goethite-humic acid(FH/GE–HA)complexes were prepared and their adsorption characteristics on P at various p H and ionic strength were investigated.The results indicated that the Fe O–OM complexes showed a decreased P adsorption capacity in comparison with bare Fe O.The maximum adsorption capacity(Q_(max))decreased in the order of FH(22.17 mg/g)FH-HA(5.43 mg/g)GE(4.67 mg/g)GE-HA(3.27 mg/g).After coating with HA,the amorphous FH–HA complex still showed higher P adsorption than the crystalline GE–HA complex.The decreased P adsorption observed might be attributed to changes of the Fe O surface charges caused by OM association.The dependence of P adsorption on the specific surface area of adsorbents suggests that the Fe O component in the complexes is still the main contributor for the adsorption surfaces.The P adsorptions on Fe O–HA complexes decreased with increasing initial p H or decreasing initial ionic strength.A strong dependence of P adsorption on ionic strength and p H may demonstrate that outer-sphere complexes between the OM component on the surface and P possibly coexist with inner-sphere surface complexes between the Fe O component and P.Therefore,previous over-emphasis on the contributions of original minerals to P immobilization possibly over-estimates the P loading capacity of soils,especially in humic-rich areas.     

Temperature effect on photolysis decomposing of perfluorooctanoic acid

Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA)is recalcitrant to degrade and mineralize.Here,the effect of temperature on the photolytic decomposition of PFOA was investigated.The decomposition of PFOA was enhanced from 34% to 99% in 60 min of exposure when the temperature was increased from 25 to 85°C under UV light(201–600 nm).The limited degree of decomposition at 25°C was due to low quantum yield,which was increased by a factor of 12 at 85°C.Under the imposed conditions,the defluorination ratio increased from 8% at 25°C to 50% at85°C in 60 min.Production of perfluorinated carboxylic acids(PFCAs,C7–C5),PFCAs(C4–C3)and TFA(trifluoroacetic acid,C2)accelerated and attained a maximum within 30 to 90 min at 85°C.However,these reactions did not occur at 25°C despite extended irradiation to180 min.PFOA was decomposed in a step-wise process by surrendering one CF2unit.In each cyclical process,increased temperature enhanced the quantum yields of irradiation and reactions between water molecules and intermediates radicals.The energy consumption for removing eachμmol of PFOA was reduced from 82.5 k J at 25°C to 10.9 k J at 85°C using photolysis.Photolysis coupled with heat achieved high rates of PFOA degradation and defluorination.     

Sorption of tylosin and sulfamethazine on solid humic acid

Tylosin(TYL) and sulfamethazine(SMT) are ionizable and polar antimicrobial compounds,which have seeped into the environment in substantial amounts via fertilizing land with manure or sewage. Sorption of TYL and SMT onto humic acid(HA) may affect their environmental fate. In this study, the sorption of TYL and SMT on HA at different conditions(pH, ionic strength) was investigated. All sorption isotherms fitted well to the Henry and Freundlich models and they were highly nonlinear with values of n between 0.5 and 0.8, which suggested that the HA had high heterogeneity. The sorption of TYL and SMT on HA decreased with increasing p H(2.0–7.5), implying that the primary sorption mechanism could be due to cation exchange interactions between TYL~+/SMT~+ species and the functional groups of HA.Increasing ionic strength resulted in a considerable reduction in the K_d values of TYL and SMT,hinting that interactions between H bonds and π–π EDA might be an important factor in the sorption of TYL and SMT on HA. Results of Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) and ~13C-nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analysis further demonstrated that carboxyl groups and O-alkyl structures in the HA could interact with TYL and SMT via ionic interactions and H bonds,respectively. Overall, this work gives new insights into the mechanisms of sorption of TYL and SMT on HA and hence aids us in assessing the environmental risk of TYL and SMT under diverse conditions.