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101.
Nina E. Cohen Frans W. A. Brom Elsbeth N. Stassen 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(4):341-359
In this paper, we present and defend the theoretical framework of an empirical model to describe people’s fundamental moral
attitudes (FMAs) to animals, the stratification of FMAs in society and the role of FMAs in judgment on the culling of healthy
animals in an animal disease epidemic. We used philosophical animal ethics theories to understand the moral basis of FMA convictions.
Moreover, these theories provide us with a moral language for communication between animal ethics, FMAs, and public debates.
We defend that FMA is a two-layered concept. The first layer consists of deeply felt convictions about animals. The second
layer consists of convictions derived from the first layer to serve as arguments in a debate on animal issues. In a debate,
the latter convictions are variable, depending on the animal issue in a specific context, time, and place. This variability
facilitates finding common ground in an animal issue between actors with opposing convictions. 相似文献
102.
介绍了1000MW机组电除尘工程的特点及其电除尘器的设计难点,针对1000MW机组电除尘器设计中的诸多不利因素提出了具体的改进措施。 相似文献
103.
畜牧业“碳排放”到“碳足迹”核算方法的研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
全球变暖趋势日益加剧,不仅影响农业可持续发展,而且威胁到人类生存。畜牧业碳排放因其在农业碳排放中乃至全球碳排放中占比较大而日益备受关注。准确核算畜牧业碳排放是制定切实可行的碳减排政策的前提,也为我国在气候变化下承担共同但有差别的减排责任提供话语权。本文基于研究范式的演进,对畜牧业碳排放到碳足迹核算方法的研究发展进行了系统梳理,研究表明,在学者的不断研究与质疑下,畜牧业碳排放到碳足迹的核算方法经历了从OECD核算法、IPCC系数法到生命周期法与投入-产出法的演变与完善,学术界认为区域异质性、养殖规模与管理方式均影响碳足迹;散养比规模化养殖产生更多的碳排放,舍饲比户外放牧排放更多的碳。畜牧业碳足迹核算能够更加全面地反映畜牧业全生命周期的碳排放情况,但由于研究假设、研究方法及研究样本等差异导致不同区域、不同畜产品的碳排放核算结果存在不确定性。运用生命周期法和投入-产出法对欧盟成员国畜牧业碳排放的核算结果基本一致,但运用IPCC系数法和全生命周期法对中国畜牧业碳排放核算中,牛、猪和羊的碳排放量排序结果不尽一致。鉴于核算结果的差异性,本研究对不同核算方法的起源、最早采用时间、特点、局限性等方面进行了归纳总结,并建议后续研究探讨基于生命周期评价的畜牧业碳足迹研究边界的延伸性,标准化畜牧业碳排放或碳足迹核算,避免学者重复核算畜牧业碳排放,以便深入展开畜牧业碳排放其他方面的研究。 相似文献
104.
Ali Tighnavard Balasbaneh Abdul Kadir Bin Marsono 《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2017,10(3):176-184
The building sector has been regarded as a potential sector where there is large capacity to reduce the climate change effect. This study has proposed solutions to mitigate environmental impacts and achieve low CO2 emission from residential sector. Therefore, full life cycle assessment (LCA) has been run to assess the CO2 emission and its effect on the atmosphere and climate change. Based on the result, timber scheme is the best choice due to releasing less CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. However, house builders in Malaysia have almost completely neglected timber as a building material, with timber use as building components reduced to 5%. In this study, LCA Software was used to assess CO2 emissions from different wall construction. The alternative building scheme has been made by reinforce steel stud, wooden beam and timber wall (S8) to improve the scheme deficiency while releasing less CO2 emissions compared to other schemes. Therefore, S8 has a decreased CO2 effect by 85% less than precast concrete frame and 90% less than brick over their lifetime. (S8) increased the load bearing compared to conventional timber beam. Thus, new scheme S8 could be replaced by current scheme and promote more adjustable scheme for Malaysian housing. 相似文献
105.
Traditionally in toxicological studies time is not studied as quantifiable variable but as a fixed endpoint. The Reduced Life Expectancy (RLE) model which relates exposure time and exposure concentration with lethal toxic effects was tested previously using fish data. In this current paper the effects of exposure time on aquatic toxicity with zooplanktons and various toxicants were evaluated using the RLE model based on ambient exposure concentration. The model was evaluated by plotting ln LT50 against LC50 using toxicity data with zooplanktons from the literature for metal, metalloid and organic compounds. Most of the experimental data sets can be satisfactorily correlated by use of the RLE model, but deviations occurred for some data sets. Those data sets were satisfactorily fitted by a two stage RLE model. This model was based on two phases: one in the peripheral system and other in the central system. Both the single and two stage RLE model support the hypothesis that toxicity is time dependent and decreases in a systematic way with increasing exposure time. A calculated normal life expectancy (NLT) can be obtained from the single stage model and is in accord with reported NLT but those obtained from the two stage RLE model are in excellent agreement. 相似文献
106.
Increased salinity in spawning and nursery grounds in the Savannah River estuary was cited as the primary cause of a 97% decrease
in adult striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and a concomitant 96% decrease in striped bass egg production. Restoration efforts focused on environmental remediation
and stock enhancement have resulted in restored salinity patterns and increased egg and adult abundances. However, future
water needs or harbor development may preclude further recovery by reducing freshwater inflow or increasing salinity intrusion.
To assess the effect of potential changes in the salinity regime, we developed models relating discharge, tidal phase, and
salinity to striped bass egg and early larval survival and re-cast these in a quantitative Bayesian belief network. The model
indicated that a small upstream shift (≤1.67 km) in the salinity regime would have the least impact on striped bass early
life history survival, whereas shifts >1.67 km would have progressively larger impacts, with a 8.33-km shift potentially reducing
our estimated survival probability by >28%. Such an impact could have cumulative and long-term detrimental effects on the
recovery of the Savannah River striped bass population. The available salinity data were collected during average and low
flows, so our model represents some typical and some extreme conditions during a striped bass spawning season. Our model is
a relatively simplistic, “first-order” attempt at evaluating potential effects of changes in the Savannah River estuarine
salinity regime and points to areas of concern and potential future research. 相似文献
107.
S.N. Jonkman E. Penning‐Rowsell 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(5):1208-1218
Abstract: Loss of human stability in flood flows and consequent drowning are a high personal hazard. In this paper, we review past experimental work on human instability. The results of new experiments by the Flood Hazard Research Centre (FHRC) are also reported. These new results show that low depth/high velocity flood waters are more dangerous than suggested based on previous experimental work. It is discussed how human instability can be related to two physical mechanisms: moment instability (toppling) and friction instability (sliding). Comparison of the test results with these physical mechanisms suggests that the occurrence of instability in the tests by FHRC is related to friction instability. This mechanism appears to occur earlier than moment instability for the combination of shallow depth and high flow velocity. Those concerned to identify locations where high flood flows could be a threat to human life need to modify their hazard assessments accordingly. 相似文献
108.
对承德市热电厂CG35/3.82-MX型循环流化术锅炉的脱硫除尘系统进行了改造,解决了原水膜除尘器效率低,烟法排放严重超标的问题,取得了良好的环境效益,社会效益和经济效益。 相似文献
109.
利用餐饮业废油脂制造生物柴油 总被引:37,自引:0,他引:37
世界的石油产量将会逐渐减少,石化柴油燃烧后所排放的废气是造成的城市空气污染的主要原因,生物柴油是石化柴油很好的替代能源,文章介绍了国外废油脂处理利用和甸餐饮业废油脂的概况,提出了利用餐饮业废油脂制造生物柴油的方法和工艺流程,并讨论了利用餐饮业废油脂制造生物柴油的几个问题。 相似文献
110.
“MMA”技术路线在太湖蓝藻水华监测中的应用 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
通过对3S技术整合,提出"MMA"技术路线应用于蓝藻水华监测,包括监测、测绘、分析等关键步骤。对太湖蓝藻水华研究结果表明,总体规律一致,但又有所差异。一方面,太湖蓝藻密度(CBD)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)及水华频率分布图结果均呈现"西高东低"的空间分布规律;另一方面,太湖湖心区CBD和Chl-a浓度亦较高,而遥感监测后的水华频率图显示为无水华或频率小于1%。故应参照"MMA"技术路线,综合应用3S技术,并核验比对,弥补单项技术存在的不足,全面真实反映藻类水华情况。"MMA"技术路线既适用于水华监测,亦可推广至其他环境监测工作。 相似文献