地质构造对地质灾害的影响研究——以鲁甸县强烈构造变形区为例

通过近一年的野外地质调查、室内资料整理、GIS综合信息模型分析等方法,总结归纳出鲁甸县各类地质灾害的分布特征,并分析阐述了其形成条件和机理,发现地质构造对灾害的分布和形成及易发性有重大影响。     

Influence of temperature on the characteristics of aerobic granulation in sequencing batch airlift reactors

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in sequencing batch airlift reactors(SBAR) at 25,30,and 35°C,respectively.The effect of temperature on the granules characteristics was analyzed and the microbial community structures of the granules were probed using scanning electron microscope(SEM) and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE).The results showed that 30°C is optimum for matured granule cultivation,where the granules had a more compact structure,better settling abili...     

Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange over ITO/CdS/ZnO interface composite films

ITO/CdS/ZnO interface composite films were successfully prepared by subsequent electrodeposition of CdS and ZnO onto indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrates. The obtained ITO/CdS/ZnO composite films were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of ITO/CdS/ZnO composite films were investigated using methyl orange (MO) as a model organic compound under UV light irradiation. The influence of operating parameters on MO degradation including initial concentration of MO, pH value of solution, and inorganic anion species over the composite films were examined. A blue shift of absorption threshold was observed for the ITO/CdS/ZnO film in comparison with ITO/ZnO film. ITO/CdS/ZnO composite films prepared under specific conditions showed a higher photocatalytic activity than that of ITO/ZnO films. It was also found that the photocatalytic degradation of MO on the composite filing followed pseudo-first order kinetics.     

Modelling sulphate-enhanced cadmium uptake by Zea mays from nutrient solution under conditions of constant free Cd2+ ion activity

A controlled hydroponic experiment was undertaken to investigate Cd uptake in relation to the activity of Cd species in solution other than the free ion (Cd²⁺) by maintaining a constant Cd²⁺ activity under variable SO₄₂⁻ and Cl⁻ concentrations exposed to maize (Zea mays var. Cameron) plants. The objectives of these experiments were: (1) to distinguish and quantify the different uptake rates of free and inorganic-complexed Cd from nutrient solution, and (2) to model the uptake of Cd by maize with a Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) in a system which facilitates the close examination of root characteristics. Results of the current experiments suggest that, in addition to the free ion, CdSO₄⁰ complexes are important factors in determining Cd uptake in nutrient solution by maize plants. Higher nominal SO₄²⁻ concentrations in solution generally resulted in a greater Cd accumulation by maize plants than predicted by the Cd²⁺ activity. A better integration of the complete dataset for the 3 harvest times (6, 9 and 11 days after treatment) was achieved by including consideration of both the duration of Cd exposure and especially the root surface area to express Cd uptake. Similarly, the fit of the BLM was also improved when taking into account exposure time and expressing uptake in terms of root morphological parameters.     

不同磷源形态对中肋骨条藻和东海原甲藻生长及磷酸酶活性的影响

研究了磷酸二氢钠（NaH₂PO₄）、三磷酸腺苷二钠盐（adenosine disodium triphosphate,ATP）、 6-磷酸葡萄糖（glucose 6-phosphate,G-6-P）和β-甘油磷酸钠（sodium β-glycerophosphate,G-P）对中肋骨条藻 （Skeletonema costatum）和东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）的生长以及磷酸酶活性的影响.结果发现,中肋骨条藻和东海原甲藻均既可利用无机磷酸盐又能利用有机磷化合物生长繁殖,且有机磷化合物的作用比无机磷酸盐的作用稍高.对于中肋骨条藻, 8 d后的细胞密度分别为48×10⁴（NaH₂PO₄）、 73×10⁴（ATP）、 63×10⁴（G-6-P）和54×10⁴（G-P）cells/mL;对于东海原甲藻, 10 d后4种磷源形态下的细胞密度分别为8.7×10⁴、 15.5×10⁴、 12.4×10⁴和9.5×10⁴ cells/mL. 2种藻在4种形态磷源下的磷酸酶活性在前3～4 d均呈下降趋势,而后变化不同.以NaH₂PO₄为磷源的处理组, 2种藻的碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,AP）和酸性磷酸酶（acid phosphatase,AcP）活性均呈现升高趋势;3种有机磷处理组比较,对于中肋骨条藻,ATP和G-6-P为磷源的处理组酶活性较低且AP活性无明显变化趋势,AcP活性在试验后期呈微弱的升高趋势,以G-P为磷源的处理组酶活性最高且有升高趋势,至第8 d时,以ATP、G-6-P和G-P为磷源处理组的AP活性分别为0.004×10^-5、 0.014×10^-5和0.029×10^-5 U/cell,AcP活性分别为0.006×10^-5、 0.011×10^-5和0.018×10^-5 U/cell,对于东海原甲藻,酶活性变化趋势与中肋骨条藻相同,至第10 d时, 3种磷源处理组的AP和AcP活性顺序也为ATP相似文献   

城市污水中的生物毒性及其臭氧削减效果研究

分别利用酵母双杂交和umu试验对5个城市9个污水处理厂进出水中生物遗传毒性和视黄酸受体(BAR)结合活性进行了调查.并考察了臭氧氧化对这两种生物效应的去除效果.结果表明,城市污水中存在不同程度的生物遗传毒性和视黄酸受体(RAR)结合活性,通过生物处理可以大幅削减污水中的RAR结合活性和生物遗传毒性,但污水厂出水中仍然普遍具有遗传毒性,部分残留RAR结合活性.5～10mg·L-1的臭氧可以有效削减二级出水中残留的BAR结合活性和遗传毒性,是一种有效的提高水质安全性的污水深度处理技术.     

全程高温好氧堆肥快速降解城市生活垃圾

为了提高堆肥处理城市生活垃圾（MSW）的速率和质量,设计了一种外加热源的全程高温好氧堆肥工艺.实验以全程高温好氧堆肥和传统好氧堆肥两种方法对MSW进行了60d的堆肥处理.同时,监测了堆肥的pH和温度等参数的变化情况,并以C/N、种子发芽率(GI)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、比好氧速率(SOUR)和脱氢酶（DH-ase）活性为指标评价了堆肥的腐熟度和质量.结果表明,全程高温堆肥法和传统堆肥法的堆肥周期分别为16d和28d,两种方法得到的产品其pH值均在7左右.在第31d将全程高温堆肥产品置于30℃恒温箱时,其理化性质没有出现明显波动,说明其堆肥产品性质稳定.因此,全程高温好氧堆肥法能明显缩短堆肥周期、提高堆肥质量,具有很大的应用潜力.     

一种测定活性污泥中高等微生物活性的方法

采用机械破碎方式灭活活性污泥中高等微生物,并通过测定破碎前后泥样耗氧速率(OUR)之差别间接计算高等微生物的活性作用.实验结果表明,以分散机破碎活性污泥,高等微生物均可被有效地破碎灭活,且再培养138h后不再恢复.与此同时,对酵母菌破碎实验显示,机械破碎并未对其数量、形态以及活性产生太大影响,这表明机械破碎亦不会对个体尺寸比酵母菌更小的细菌构成任何影响.为使破碎前后活性污泥絮凝体形态基本一致,将破碎后的泥样经离心处理,以尽可能使絮凝体恢复如初(以SVI衡量).通过比较破碎前后泥样的OUR并计算可知,高等微生物活性相对于活性污泥总活性约占12%～14%.     

Evaluation of ecological restoration success in mining‐degraded lands

This review article analyzes the importance of assessing the success of ecological restoration by using four indicators: assemblage of the plant and animal communities; enzyme activity; litter accumulation and decomposition; and the improvement of soil quality. These indicators can be used alone or in combinations. Even though the Society for Ecological Restoration International provided a primer containing nine attributes to use as standards for measuring ecological restoration, only three of these attributes could be easily applied due to their low costs and low time requirements. These three attributes include: diversity, vegetation structure, and ecological processes. This review article emphasizes that the criteria for the selection of the indicator species should be based upon: habitat types, abundance of species, ease of measuring, quantifying and interpreting the results, gradual enhancement with time and cost‐effectiveness, sensitivity, variability of response, size, residential status, and requirements of the area. Principal component analysis was applied to calculate the reclaimed mine soil quality index (RMSQI) and the forest soil quality index (FSQI) and the RMSQI value was compared with FSQI (optimum index value of reference ecosystem) to evaluate the restoration success. Available phosphorus, exchangeable magnesium, organic carbon, clay content, field moisture, available nitrogen, electrical conductivity, and pH are identified as the most influential parameters that regulate the health of reclaimed mine soil. Exchangeable calcium, magnesium, cation exchange capacity, sand, silt, clay content, field moisture, available phosphorus, and pH are the controlling properties for forest soil. The observed values of the above‐stated soil indicator properties were converted into a unitless score (0–1.00) and integrated into index calculations (RMSQI and FSQI). The contribution of each soil indicator properties on the calculated index was analyzed, which provides insight into the reason for the measured index. A higher RMSQI indicates better ecological restoration success. The calculated RMSQI was found to be 0.473 in the reclaimed dump, which is 6% lower than the reference ecosystem.     

Effects of tectonic stress environment on tectonophysical features of deformed coal

To study the effects of the tectonic stress environment on the tectonophysical features of deformed coal, No.8 Mine in the Pingdingshan mine area is used as a study area and the relationship between the development of deformed coal, distribution of fractures, formation of deformed coal and tectonic stress environment are analyzed. The results indicate that the thickness of the bedrock layer should be included in the analysis of the tectonic stress environment for a region of intense tectonic activity. Although the reverse faulting stress regime can control the development of deformed coal, the C seam is extremely sensitive to the stress regime. The most advantageous direction of the deformed coal fractures is consistent with the regional maximum principal stress, and the development of fractures is closely related to the evolution of the tectonic stress environment. The fracture density of the E seam presents a uniform distribution, yet that of the C seam is completely heterogeneous. Superposition and compounding of the tectonic communities evidently increase the fracture density of the deformed coal. There is a relatively apparent boundary between the different types of deformation, which gradually transform from brittle to ductile with a decreasing lateral pressure coefficient. A generalized deformation pattern of the deformed coal is proposed and can be divided into frictional sliding and solid flow.