中国温带草地灾害类型及致灾原因与防治对策

目前,我国草地生产力水平极其落后,草地畜牧业发展缓慢,其主要原因是草地灾害的长期存在并日趋严重。本文通过对草地灾害的类型和致灾因素的分析,提出了相应的提高草地生产能力、改善草地生态环境和防止草地灾害发生、发展的对策。     

草原自然灾害对我国奶牛业影响分析

通过对草原自然灾害的种类和损害程度的分析，阐述了自然灾害对奶牛业影响的全过程。定量分析说明，自然灾害通过破坏草原，从而制约了奶牛业的发展。最后，针对我国奶牛业的发展现状，提出了具体的防灾措施，以减小自然灾害对奶牛业发展的影响。     

内蒙古草地旱灾研究

在充分考虑草地土壤水分亏缺和生产力水平的基础上，构造了草地缺水指数和旱灾评判系数。通过对旱灾评判系数与灾情历史序列的对比分析，确定了旱灾等级指标，并提出了大面积监测草地旱灾的方法，为客观准确地监测草地旱灾提供了科学依据。     

Differing Effects of Cattle Grazing on Native and Alien Plants

Abstract:   Habitat managers use cattle grazing to reduce alien plant cover and promote native species in California grasslands and elsewhere in the western United States. We tested the effectiveness of grazing as a restoration method by examining the effects of herbivory on native and alien plants. At Carrizo Plain National Monument, California, we surveyed native and alien species cover in adjacent grazed and ungrazed areas. We also established experimental plots in which plants were clipped or mulch (dead biomass) was removed. In addition, we clipped plants grown in pots and plants in the field that grew with and without competitors. Native species were negatively affected by clipping in 1999, 2000, and 2001, whereas alien species were unaffected. In the experimental field plots, the European annual forb Erodium cicutarium compensated in growth and reproduction following simulated herbivory. In contrast, growth and reproduction of the native perennial bunchgrass Poa secunda were reduced 1 year after clipping. In pots, E. cicutarium overcompensated and grasses undercompensated. In the field, European grasses were unaffected by the removal of competitors. It is unclear by what mechanism E. cicutarium was able to compensate, but the ability may be related to its basal rosette growth form and indeterminately growing inflorescences. The native California grassland community assembled in the absence of grazing herds, whereas invasive European species have been exposed to grazing for centuries. It may be that these invaders have adaptations that better enable them to recover from grazing. In the grassland we studied, the strategy of livestock grazing for restoration is counterproductive. It harms native species and promotes alien plant growth.     

Atmospheric Deposition of Reactive Nitrogen on Turf Grassland in Central Japan: Comparison of the Contribution of Wet and Dry Deposition

The atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen on turf grassland in Tsukuba, central Japan, was investigated from July 2003 to December 2004. The target components were ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite ions for wet deposition and gaseous ammonia, nitric and nitrous acids, and particulate ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite for dry deposition. Organic nitrogen was also evaluated by subtracting the amount of inorganic nitrogen from total nitrogen. A wet-only sampler and filter holders were used to collect precipitation and the atmospheric components, respectively. An inferential method was applied to calculate the dry deposition velocity of gases and particles, which involved the effects of surface wetness and ammonia volatilization through stomata on the dry deposition velocity. The mean fraction of the monthly wet to total deposition was different among chemical species; 37, 77, and 1% for ammoniacal, nitrate-, and nitrite-nitrogen, respectively. The annual deposition of inorganic nitrogen in 2004 was 47 and 48 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹ for wet and dry deposition, respectively; 51% of atmospheric deposition was contributed by dry deposition. The annual wet deposition in 2004 was 20, 27, and 0.07 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹, and the annual dry deposition in 2004 was 35, 7.4, and 5.4 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹ for ammoniacal, nitrate-, and nitrite-nitrogen, respectively. Ammoniacal nitrogen was the most important reactive nitrogen because of its remarkable contribution to both wet and dry deposition. The median ratio of the organic nitrogen concentration to total nitrogen was 9.8, 17, and 15% for precipitation, gases, and particles, respectively.     

1981—2010年内蒙古草地土壤有机碳时空变化及其气候敏感性

草地土壤有机碳储量巨大,其较小幅度的波动即可能显著反馈于气候变化. 基于1981—2010年内蒙古自治区境内及其周边共计92个气象台站气候要素插值数据,采用空间化的生物地球化学模型——CENTURY 4.5,模拟分析近30年来内蒙古草地表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳的空间格局与动态变化特征,并通过构建气候变化情景探讨其对主要气候要素的敏感性. 结果表明:近30年内蒙古草地表层土壤有机碳密度平均值约为1.99 kg/m2(以C计),在空间上呈由东北向西南逐渐减少的分布特征. 近30年来内蒙古草地表层土壤有机碳密度略有增加,年均增幅约0.22%,其中草甸草原的增速〔14.25 g/(m2·a)〕最大,荒漠草原的增速〔1.36 g/(m2·a)〕最小. 草地表层土壤有机碳密度年际变化差异明显,1980s至1990s的增加较为缓慢,1990s至2000s的增幅约为前者的2倍,其中草甸草原和典型草原土壤有机碳增幅较大. 气候敏感性分析结果显示,区域降水量变化可能是近30年内蒙古草地表层土壤有机碳密度变化的主要影响因素,但不同草地类型表层土壤有机碳密度对气候变化的敏感性存在较大差异;典型草原与草甸草原表层土壤有机碳变化主要受控于降水量变化,荒漠草原则主要受控于温度变化.      

Potential of Marine Reserves to Cause Community-Wide Changes beyond Their Boundaries

Abstract:  Fishing and other human activities can alter the abundances, size structure, and behavior of species playing key roles in shaping marine communities (e.g., keystone predators), which may in turn cause ecosystem shifts. Despite extensive evidence that cascading trophic interactions can underlie community-wide recovery inside no-take marine reserves by protecting high-level predators, the spatial extent of these effects into adjacent fished areas is unknown. I examined the potential for community-wide changes (i.e., the transition from overgrazed coralline barrens to macroalgal beds) in temperate rocky reefs within and around a no-take marine reserve. For this purpose I assessed distribution patterns of predatory fishes, sea urchins, and barrens across the reserve boundaries. Predatory fishes were significantly more abundant within the reserve than in adjacent locations, with moderate spillover across the reserve edges. In contrast, community-wide changes of benthic assemblages were apparent well beyond the reserve boundaries, which is consistent with temporary movements of predatory fishes (e.g., foraging migration) from the reserve to surrounding areas. My results suggest that no-take marine reserves can promote community-wide changes beyond their boundaries.     

围封对内蒙古中东部草原植物群落和土壤线虫群落的影响

2007年8月在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的退化样地（对照）、围封5 a样地和围封24 a样地,调查地上部植物群落、土壤性质和地下部土壤线虫群落。结果表明,围封处理能显著提高土壤水分质量分数,土壤深度和围封处理对土壤pH的交互作用显著。随着围封年限的增加,地上植物的多度、生物量和单株生物量都显著增加,而3个样地的多样性和均匀度均为围封24 a样地〉退化样地〉围封5 a年样地;随着围封年限的增加,大针茅（Stipa grandis）、苔草（Carex duriuscula）、羊草（Leymus chinensis）、锦鸡儿（Cleistogenes squarrosa）、双齿葱（Allium bidentatum）的生物量都呈现递增的趋势;围封5 a样地上冰草（Agropyron cristatum）和野韭（Allium ramosum）的生物量最大,围封24 a样地上苔草、羊草、双齿葱的生物量最大。调查样地线虫的密度平均为9.79 g-1（以干土计）,分别隶属于线虫动物门的90个属。植物寄生类线虫和食细菌类线虫分别占到总数的35%和40%,优势类群是丽突属（Acrobeles）和矮化属（Tylenchorhynchus）,二者共占总捕获个体数量的31.4%。围封24 a样地的结构指数显著高于退化样地,其它指标差异不显著。由此可知,围封有助于改善土壤理化性质;从围封角度来看,植物群落比线虫群落的反应明显得多,二者并未出现同步反应。     

Species, functional groups, and thresholds in ecological resilience

The cross-scale resilience model states that ecological resilience is generated in part from the distribution of functions within and across scales in a system. Resilience is a measure of a system's ability to remain organized around a particular set of mutually reinforcing processes and structures, known as a regime. We define scale as the geographic extent over which a process operates and the frequency with which a process occurs. Species can be categorized into functional groups that are a link between ecosystem processes and structures and ecological resilience. We applied the cross-scale resilience model to avian species in a grassland ecosystem. A species' morphology is shaped in part by its interaction with ecological structure and pattern, so animal body mass reflects the spatial and temporal distribution of resources. We used the log-transformed rank-ordered body masses of breeding birds associated with grasslands to identify aggregations and discontinuities in the distribution of those body masses. We assessed cross-scale resilience on the basis of 3 metrics: overall number of functional groups, number of functional groups within an aggregation, and the redundancy of functional groups across aggregations. We assessed how the loss of threatened species would affect cross-scale resilience by removing threatened species from the data set and recalculating values of the 3 metrics. We also determined whether more function was retained than expected after the loss of threatened species by comparing observed loss with simulated random loss in a Monte Carlo process. The observed distribution of function compared with the random simulated loss of function indicated that more functionality in the observed data set was retained than expected. On the basis of our results, we believe an ecosystem with a full complement of species can sustain considerable species losses without affecting the distribution of functions within and across aggregations, although ecological resilience is reduced. We propose that the mechanisms responsible for shaping discontinuous distributions of body mass and the nonrandom distribution of functions may also shape species losses such that local extinctions will be nonrandom with respect to the retention and distribution of functions and that the distribution of function within and across aggregations will be conserved despite extinctions.