Modelling global-scale potential grassland changes in spatio-temporal patterns to global climate change

Grassland is one of the most widespread vegetation types worldwide and plays a significant role in global carbon cycling. Understanding the sensitivity of grassland to climate change and the effect of climate changes on the grassland ecosystems is a key issue in global carbon cycling. One of the goals of this study was to evaluate the three net primary productivity (NPP)–climate models, i.e. the Miami model, the Schuur model and the classification indices-based model. Results indicated that the classification indices-based model was the most effective model at estimating large-scale grassland NPP. In this research, changes in the spatial pattern of global potential grassland from recent past (1950–2000) to future (2001–2050) A2a scenario were analysed with the integrated orderly classification system of grassland (IOCSG) approach in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. NPP was evaluated with the classification indices-based model. Results indicate that under recent past climatic conditions, the main parts of global grassland are the savanna and tundra and alpine grassland and will be converted into the savanna, steppe and semi-desert grassland in A2a scenario. As a whole, areas of grassland will increase by 31.76 million hectares. The classification indices-based model estimated a 12.40% increase of total NPP in grassland from recent past to A2a scenario. It will impose a new issue for future grassland researches to support sustainable development and to provide action relevant knowledge to meet the challenge of climate change.     

南方草地NPP的水热估算模型及其应用

草地NPP对气候变化的响应是全球变化研究的重要内容之一。为了明确草地NPP与水热的关系及实现南方草地NPP的大面积估算,本文以气候数据为基础,以南方草山草坡为研究对象,结合野外实测数据,分析南方草地NPP与月平均温度及平均降水量之间的关系,结果表明:南方草地NPP与月平均温度之间呈对数相关,相关系数r=0.462 9**(n=66);与月平均降水量之间呈线性正相关,相关系数r=0.783 6**(n=66),结果均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01)。在此基础上构建以温度和降水为自变量的南方草地NPP估算模型:NPP=Ln(T/16.7+2.5)×Sqrt(W/84.5+0.5)×(T+W),其中T为全年月平均温度(℃),W为全年月平均降水量(mm)。通过不同年份的实测数据对模型进行验证,草地NPP的模拟值和实测值之间有很好的相关性,R2为0.787,也达到极显著水平,RMSE和RRMSE均较小,分别为60.272和0.387,表明模型的模拟结果比较可靠。利用上述模型对2011年的南方草地NPP进行估算,模拟结果呈现一定的地带性,总体分布由西北向东南逐渐增加,其中四川西北部及其与云南交界等地区草地NPP值较小,基本在200 g·m-2以下,而海南、广西、江西以及广东等地草地NPP值较高,相当一部分地区达到700 g·m-2以上。通过分析可知,整个南方草地NPP平均值约为321.8 g·m-2左右,和实测结果比较接近。结果为南方草山草坡NPP估算提供了新的方法。     

塔里木河上游及源流区草原荒漠化及其防治研究

加强生态环境保护和建设是西部大开发的战略重点。针对塔里木河流域环境恶化、草地开发利用失衡、草原荒漠化日趋严重的问题,提出具体规划和综合治理方案。     

Atmospheric Deposition of Reactive Nitrogen on Turf Grassland in Central Japan: Comparison of the Contribution of Wet and Dry Deposition

The atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen on turf grassland in Tsukuba, central Japan, was investigated from July 2003 to December 2004. The target components were ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite ions for wet deposition and gaseous ammonia, nitric and nitrous acids, and particulate ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite for dry deposition. Organic nitrogen was also evaluated by subtracting the amount of inorganic nitrogen from total nitrogen. A wet-only sampler and filter holders were used to collect precipitation and the atmospheric components, respectively. An inferential method was applied to calculate the dry deposition velocity of gases and particles, which involved the effects of surface wetness and ammonia volatilization through stomata on the dry deposition velocity. The mean fraction of the monthly wet to total deposition was different among chemical species; 37, 77, and 1% for ammoniacal, nitrate-, and nitrite-nitrogen, respectively. The annual deposition of inorganic nitrogen in 2004 was 47 and 48 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹ for wet and dry deposition, respectively; 51% of atmospheric deposition was contributed by dry deposition. The annual wet deposition in 2004 was 20, 27, and 0.07 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹, and the annual dry deposition in 2004 was 35, 7.4, and 5.4 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹ for ammoniacal, nitrate-, and nitrite-nitrogen, respectively. Ammoniacal nitrogen was the most important reactive nitrogen because of its remarkable contribution to both wet and dry deposition. The median ratio of the organic nitrogen concentration to total nitrogen was 9.8, 17, and 15% for precipitation, gases, and particles, respectively.     

基于历史资料的中国北方草原火灾风险评价

根据我国北方草原区各省、自治区1991—2005年的草原火灾资料，利用信息扩散理论和风险矩阵对我国北方草原区的草原火灾风险进行了计算，给出了我国北方各草原区的草原火灾年发生次数和草原火灾年受灾率在各个风险水平下的风险值，定量地评价了我国北方草原区的草原火灾风险。并给出几个重要风险水平下草原火灾风险的空间分布趋势和综合指标下的我国草原火灾风险空间分布趋势。     

黄河源区草地退化对土壤持水性影响的初步研究

在黄河源区草地退化严重的玛沁县军牧场地区,采用不同草地退化样地对比的方法,开展草地退化对土壤持水性影响研究。结果表明:①毛管持水量和饱和含水量在0~10 cm土层以无退化草地最大,极度退化草地最小,而在10~20 cm土层,两者在不同退化草地之间差异不明显,仍以极度退化草地最小,但两者在20~30 cm土层以轻度和重度退化草地较大,无退化和中度退化草地相对较小;②在土壤表层(0~10 cm),无退化草地的田间持水量远大于其他退化草地,轻度和重度退化草地田间持水量较大,极度退化草地最小,而在10 cm以下土层,田间持水量以轻度和重度退化草地较大,无退化和中度退化草地相对较小;③各土壤持水量与土壤理化性质关系密切,主要受容重、总碳、有机质和总氮这4个因素影响;④不同草地退化程度下地表覆被状况、植物根系生物量以及分布特征引起土壤容重、有机质等发生变化,可能是进一步导致土壤持水性差异的主要原因。研究可为区域草地退化对土壤水文生态效应影响提供科学依据。     

黄河上游牧草区水热变化及土壤水分响应

利用月降水、气温等资料,分析甘南草原地区水热配置和土壤水分变化。结果表明:牧草生长期降水增多,成熟期降水减少;逐月降水、气温变化的线性趋势有明显差异;月降水明显减少和气温明显上升中存在突变,周期谱有明显差别。土壤水分存在显著下降趋势,在1995年发生了突变(转向明显负距平)。土壤水分年际演变与降水同向性较好,年代际变化与气温呈反位相配置;土壤水分演变振荡周期对降水短周期和气温长周期响应明显。     

贵阳市2种不同类型草地的汞释放通量

利用动态通量箱法对贵阳市人工草坪和天然草地的汞释放通量进行了野外实测. 结果表明:春季和夏季的草地是大气中汞的来源,并未出现明显的季节性变化,其平均汞释放通量为(7.8±15.7)～(41.5±15.2) ng/(m2·h),且天然草地的汞释放通量明显高于人工草坪. 草地的汞释放通量具有明显的日变化特征,白天汞释放通量显著高于夜间,最大值通常出现在午后,最小值则出现在夜间. 草地的汞释放通量与光照强度、土壤温度、大气温度呈显著的正线性关系,与大气相对湿度呈负线性关系. 大气中气态总汞的质量浓度是影响草地汞释放通量的另一个重要因素. 大气中气态总汞质量浓度的升高能够抑制草叶片向大气中释放汞,而高质量浓度的气态总汞可导致大气中的汞向草叶片的强烈沉降.      

基于集对原理的天然草地分类方法

本文首次将集对原理用于天然草地分类中,以中国新疆某地区的31个天然草地为例进行计算,并将分析结果,与灰色关联度分析法、投影寻踪法以及投影寻踪动态聚类法作了对比分析。结果表明,集对法与三种方法分析结果一致,但集对法计算简单,使用方便,不受样本容量限制,且能清晰和形象地显示所属类别的程度,在多因素聚类分析中具有广阔的应用前景。     

3种人工草地不同植被覆盖度实地测量方法比较

植被覆盖度是植被垂直投影面积占统计区域面积百分比;理想覆盖度实地测量方法耗时短,工具简单,结果准确,受人为因素影响小.以结缕草(Zoysia japonica)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)和雀稗(Paspalum thunbergii)人工草地为研究对象,以照相法测量值为参考,比较样线法、目估法、样针法...