不同挥发分煤尘层最低着火温度变化规律研究

针对煤化工等行业的沉积煤尘热自燃问题,运用煤尘层最低着火温度测试系统,研究了不同挥发分煤尘层的着火状态、不同挥发分及不同厚度煤尘层最低着火温度的变化规律。结果表明:煤尘层厚度为5 mm时,挥发分质量分数大于35%的煤尘在较低温度便出现着火现象,肉眼很容易观察到火星的出现,温度曲线波动剧烈,而对于挥发分质量分数小于15%的煤尘,通过煤尘层内部"温度达到450℃"来判断其着火;在灰分质量分数相当的情况下,煤尘层最低着火温度随挥发分增加呈严格递减的趋势变化;得到了煤尘层厚度和最低着火温度的函数关系式,通过试验得到了挥发分质量分数为37.45%煤尘的重要常数M和N。     

车辆阻塞效应下隧道火灾烟气温度及烟气逆流长度变化规律研究

通过数值模拟方法对车辆阻塞效应下的隧道火灾烟气温度及烟气逆流长度的变化规律进行了研究。主要分两种车辆阻塞效应讨论:1辆设定大小车辆障碍物阻塞;2辆设定大小车辆障碍物阻塞,且在同一车道。通过改变火源高度、纵向通风速度探究了车辆阻塞效应下隧道火灾烟气温度及烟气逆流长度的变化规律。结果表明:两种车辆阻塞效应下,随着火源高度的升高,隧道内顶棚烟气温度的变化规律相同:随火源高度的升高而增大。2辆车辆阻塞下的隧道顶棚烟气温度略低;两种车辆阻塞效应下,随着火源高度的升高,隧道内烟气逆流长度的变化规律不同。1辆车辆阻塞下烟气逆流长度随火源高度的升高而增大,而2辆车辆阻塞效应下烟气逆流长度随火源高度的升高而减小。     

Forecast optimal fluoride concentration data in drinking water according to the ambient temperature in Golestan,Iran

Controlling fluoride concentrations in drinking water at optimal levels could be effective in preventing certain negative health effects in humans. This study investigated optimal fluoride concentrations in potable water in Golestan province, according the ambient temperatures in the province. The study used data on fluoride concentrations in drinking water supplied by the Water and Wastewater Company of Golestan Province. The annual mean maximum temperatures were extracted from a website that recorded daily ambient temperature. The optimal value of fluoride in drinking water for each county of Golestan province was calculated by the Galgan and Vermillion formula. The results show that all of the counties should contain fluoride concentrations ranging from 0.73 to 0.766 milligrams per liter (mg/L) according to the calculation formula, while fluoride concentrations were instead reported to range between 0.23 and 0.53 mg/L by the Water and Wastewater company. In addition, according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, the concentrations of fluoride in potable in all of the cities in Golestan province fall below the WHO standard. In conclusion, we suggest that the fluoride concentrations in Golestan province's drinking water should be taken into account by the appropriate authorities and that optimal fluoride concentrations in drinking water according to ambient temperatures be set to avoiding negative health impacts.     

What Matters Most: Are Future Stream Temperatures More Sensitive to Changing Air Temperatures,Discharge, or Riparian Vegetation?

Simulations of stream temperatures showed a wide range of future thermal regimes under a warming climate — from 2.9°C warmer to 7.6°C cooler than current conditions — depending primarily on shade from riparian vegetation. We used the stream temperature model, Heat Source, to analyze a 37‐km study segment of the upper Middle Fork John Day River, located in northeast Oregon, USA. We developed alternative future scenarios based on downscaled projections from climate change models and the composition and structure of native riparian forests. We examined 36 scenarios combining future changes in air temperature (ΔT_air = 0°C, +2°C, and +4°C), stream discharge (ΔQ = ?30%, 0%, and +30%), and riparian vegetation (post‐wildfire with 7% shade, current vegetation with 19% shade, a young‐open forest with 34% shade, and a mature riparian forest with 79% effective shade). Shade from riparian vegetation had the largest influence on stream temperatures, changing the seven‐day average daily maximum temperature (7DADM) from +1°C to ?7°C. In comparison, the 7DADM increased by 1.4°C with a 4°C increase in air temperature and by 0.7°C with a 30% change in discharge. Many streams throughout the interior western United States have been altered in ways that have substantially reduced shade. The effect of restoring shade could result in future stream temperatures that are colder than today, even under a warmer climate with substantially lower late‐summer streamflow.     

Dynamic temperature model for proton exchange membrane fuel cell using online variations in load current and ambient temperature

This paper presents a dynamic temperature model for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system. The proposed model overcomes the complexity of conventional models using first-order expressions consisting of load current and ambient temperature. The proposed model also incorporates a PEMFC cooling system, which depends upon the temperature difference between events. A dynamic algorithm is developed to detect load changing events and calculate instantaneous PEMFC temperature variations. The parameters of the model are extracted by employing the lightning search algorithm (LSA). The temperature characteristics of the NEXA 1.2 kW PEMFC system are experimentally studied to validate model performance. The results show that the proposed model output and the temperature data obtained from experiments for linear and abrupt changes in PEMFC load current are in agreement. The root-mean-square error between the model output and experimental results is less than 0.9. Moreover, the proposed model outperforms the conventional models and provides advantages such as simplicity and adaptability for low and high sampling data rates of input variables, namely, load current and ambient temperature. The model is not only helpful for simulations but also suitable for dynamic real-time controllers and emulators.     

Developing Subseasonal to Seasonal Climate Forecast Products for Hydrology and Water Management

We describe a new effort to enhance climate forecast relevance and usability through the development of a system for evaluating and displaying real‐time subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) climate forecasts on a watershed scale. Water managers may not use climate forecasts to their full potential due to perceived low skill, mismatched spatial and temporal resolutions, or lack of knowledge or tools to ingest data. Most forecasts are disseminated as large‐domain maps or gridded datasets and may be systematically biased relative to watershed climatologies. Forecasts presented on a watershed scale allow water managers to view forecasts for their specific basins, thereby increasing the usability and relevance of climate forecasts. This paper describes the formulation of S2S climate forecast products based on the Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) and the North American Multi‐Model Ensemble (NMME). Forecast products include bi‐weekly CFSv2 forecasts, and monthly and seasonal NMME forecasts. Precipitation and temperature forecasts are aggregated spatially to a United States Geological Survey (USGS) hydrologic unit code 4 (HUC‐4) watershed scale. Forecast verification reveals appreciable skill in the first two bi‐weekly periods (Weeks 1–2 and 2–3) from CFSv2, and usable skill in NMME Month 1 forecast with varying skills at longer lead times dependent on the season. Application of a bias‐correction technique (quantile mapping) eliminates forecast bias in the CFSv2 reforecasts, without adding significantly to correlation skill.     

三级AO耦合工艺低温污水处理脱氮机理

采用分段进水三级AO耦合流离生化工艺处理低温废水,在温度为（10±1）℃条件下,控制HRT为8h,进水流量分配比为3：2：1,污泥回流比为50%,考察耦合工艺对低温污水中污染物的去除效果、反应器内污染物变化规律、各级氮去除规律及系统硝化反硝化性能.研究表明：耦合工艺COD及NH₄⁺-N去除效率均超过90%,TN及TP去除效率达到80%,反应器内生物膜污泥浓度在400~800mg/L之间,系统各级NH₄⁺-N去除率均超过80%,缺氧反硝化脱氮率及好氧同步硝化反硝化脱氮率分别为50.15%和26.05%.受底物浓度及功能菌群数量影响,系统第二级比硝化速率及比反硝化速率均最高.     

最低气温对兰州市呼吸系统疾病就诊人次的影响研究

通过2013年1月1日~2017年7月31日兰州市呼吸系统疾病逐日就诊资料和气象资料,采用分布滞后非线性模型（DLNM）方法,分析0~30d滞后影响,研究极端低温对不同年龄（<15岁、16~45岁、46~60岁、>60岁）和性别人群呼吸系统疾病就诊人次的影响.结果发现：日均最低温度对相对危险度（RR）的最大RR变化范围为0.89~1.41,变化趋势整体呈现出V字型,在低温附近,温度越低,RR越高;滞后0~4d,极端低温代表的冷效应影响最为显著;滞后5~19d,在日均最低温度0℃附近,出现新的峰值,冷效应对RR的贡献有所下降,热效应对RR的贡献完全消失;滞后20~30d,日均最低温度为-10℃时,出现RR最小值,0℃温度点附近维持RR峰值;滞后22d时,滞后影响完全消失.在极端低温条件下,呼吸系统疾病对低龄人群表现出长期滞后性和高发性,对高龄人群表现出短期滞后性.男性比女性患病的滞后效应更长,患病风险更大.     

螺纹接头处拉应力作用下的缝隙腐蚀行为

目的 研究N80钢在高温高压中缝隙和应力耦合作用下的腐蚀行为,为油井管的选材和螺纹选型提供参考。方法 以油管螺纹接头为研究对象,在高温高压釜模拟地层环境,采用电化学方法和表面分析技术,研究N80钢在缝隙单因素作用下和缝隙-应力耦合作用下的腐蚀行为。结果 仅有缝隙作用24 h后,缝内存在大量腐蚀产物堆积,缝外几乎没有腐蚀产物。40 ℃时的凹槽深度为17.2 μm,而70 ℃时的凹槽深度则达到82.7 μm。在缝隙和应力耦合作用24 h后,在缝隙口处发现有腐蚀产物堆积,缝隙内腐蚀程度比缝隙外腐蚀程度更为严重。40 ℃时,弹性形变试样的缝隙口处凹槽深度约为35.3 μm,塑性形变的试样缝隙口处凹槽深度约为41.3 μm;而70 ℃时,发生弹性变形和塑性变形的试样缝隙口处凹槽深度则分别为143.7 μm和243.9 μm。结论 缝隙和应力耦合作用使缝隙口处凹槽的深度加深,且深度随着腐蚀时间和温度的增加而增大,塑性形变时凹槽深度最大。这表明应力的施加会加剧N80钢的缝隙腐蚀,导致形成更深的腐蚀凹槽,这反过来又会导致应力的进一步集中,应力腐蚀风险增加。因此,缝隙和应力对N80钢在高温高压地层水环境中的腐蚀具有协同作用。     

污水生物处理工艺低温下微生物种群结构

构建有针对性的运行控制策略是我国城市污水生物处理工艺冬季低水温条件下高效稳定运行的重要保证.以我国北方低温期（8~15℃）稳定运行的4个典型污水生物处理工艺为对象,利用高通量测序方法系统解析了活性污泥中的微生物群落及碳、氮、磷去除等关键功能种群结构,阐明了重要功能种群在低温影响下的动态变化及与污染物去除性能间关系,为控制策略的有效建立提供了坚实的科学数据基础.尽管存在着不同工艺形式,但结果表明低温期活性污泥均具有较为良好的种群丰富度,其中放线菌门（Actinobacteria）在低温期优势地位提升;关键功能种群中硝化种属Nitrosomonas受温度影响较大,而作为核心种群的反硝化种属则因分布广泛及多样性高,整体丰度受温度变化影响较小,工艺的反硝化性能仅与回流比具有相关性;Tetrasphaera在4个工艺中广泛存在但仅在厌氧/好氧交替条件下承担主要除磷功能;低温下4个工艺中多种丝状菌优势生长并诱发污泥膨胀,但对出水水质影响较小.