Effect of initial temperature on the explosion pressure of various liquid fuels and their blends

In this work, the effect of initial temperature on the explosion pressure, P_ex, of various liquid fuels (isooctane, toluene and methanol) and their blends (isooctane-toluene and methanol-toluene, with three different fuel-fuel ratios) was investigated by performing experiments in a 20-l sphere at different concentrations of vaporized fuel in air. The initial temperature was varied from 333 K to 413 K.Results show that, as the fuel-air equivalence ratio, Φ, is increased, a transition occurs from a “thermodynamics-driven” explosion regime to a “radiant heat losses-driven” explosion regime. The maximum pressure, P_max, is found in the former regime (Φ < 3), which is characterized by a trend of decreasing P_ex with increasing initial temperature. This trend has been explained by thermodynamics. In the latter regime (Φ > 3), P_ex increases with increasing initial temperature. This trend has been addressed to the decrease in emissivity (and, thus, radiant heat losses) with the increase in temperature.     

某型橡胶密封圈加速贮存试验设计与实践

目的针对某型橡胶密封圈开展加速贮存试验设计,并通过试验预测产品贮存寿命。方法通过分析橡胶密封圈在贮存使用环境下的失效机理,结合橡胶材料性能老化模型,在不改变失效机理、又不增加新的失效机理的前提下,以密封圈整件作为试验对象,用加大温度应力的试验方法加速产品失效过程,根据试验结果预计正常环境应力下的产品贮存寿命。结果采用温度应力作为加速贮存应力开展密封圈加速贮存试验方案设计和验证工作,评估得到其在贮存温度为20℃的环境中,贮存寿命可以达到16.97年,置信度大于0.95。结论以密封圈整件作为试验件,采用温度应力作为贮存敏感应力开展加速贮存试验,所评估得到的贮存寿命与产品已有的自然贮存寿命结果吻合得较好,试验状态更加真实,为橡胶密封圈更换周期提供参考依据,并为密封圈贮存寿命的定量评估提供了一种参考方法。     

等离子喷涂制备 ZrB2-SiC 复合涂层及其静态烧蚀性能

目的提高C/C复合材料的抗静态烧蚀性能。方法利用大气等离子喷涂技术在C/C复合材料表面制备ZrB_2-SiC复合涂层,对其进行1500℃的静态烧蚀实验。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及能谱分析仪(EDS)对涂层的物相成分、微观形貌等进行检测分析。结果采用大气等离子喷涂制备的ZrB_2-SiC涂层是由熔融的粉末粒子紧密堆积而成,呈现典型的层状结构,涂层均匀完整地覆盖于C/C基体表面,厚度约为200μm。涂覆有ZrB_2-SiC复合涂层的C/C复合材料试样在1500℃分别氧化2,3,4 h后,试样依旧保持完整,C/C基体未遭受损伤,试样的质量增加率依次为3.39%,2.95%,4.25%。结论采用大气等离子喷涂技术能够在C/C复合材料表面制备出厚度均匀、结构致密的ZrB_2-SiC复合涂层,ZrB_2-SiC复合涂层使C/C复合材料的抗静态烧蚀性能显著提高。     

贵州省土壤温度状况估算

土壤温度是土壤重要的内在属性,亦是反映区域环境特征和土壤系统分类体系中的重要基础性指标。但在贵州省境内,由于缺乏数据观测体系,目前还缺乏完整的土壤温度报道和估算方法。介于此,本文收集了贵州省境内84个气象站多年的地面气候资料数据,通过拟合土壤温度与年平均气温、纬度、经度和海拔高度之间的关系,构建了相应的土壤温度估算模型,并与其他三种地区性土温测算方法进行比对,得到了相对一致的分析结果。模型估算的区域土壤温度结果显示,贵州省各地区土壤温度以"热性土壤"为主(15℃≤Y22℃),少数地区如:毕节的大方、威宁和六盘水的水城三个地方为"温性土壤"(8℃≤Y15℃)。     

降水梯度序列下柠条林地土壤养分的空间变异

通过野外实地调查结合室内分析,研究陕西省境内不同降雨条件下的黄土高原同级树龄柠条林地土壤养分。结果表明,研究区土壤养分含量低,养分中有机质和全氮在降水梯度上的空间变异性显著;有机质和全氮含量在土壤剖面上表现为随着土层的加深逐渐减少,全磷含量在土壤剖面上表现为从表层到心土层逐渐降低,从心土层到底层逐渐增加;全钾含量在剖面上的规律与有机质和全氮相反;有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量均随着降水梯度的增加而增加;有机质含量与全氮、全钾呈现极显著正相关,与全磷呈现显著正相关关系。     

过氧化氢除藻及相关环境条件优化

采用室内培养的方式,通过正交试验研究了H_2O_2质量浓度、光照、pH值和温度4个因素复合作用对铜绿微囊藻去除的影响。结果表明,在所设置的各因素梯度范围内,对去除铜绿微囊藻影响最大的因素是H_2O_2质量浓度;光照和pH值对藻细胞数和叶绿素a的去除,以及H_2O_2残留量的影响各不相同;温度对藻细胞数的影响最小,对H_2O_2残留量的影响较小,对叶绿素a质量浓度的影响较大。除藻的最佳组合为A_1B_2C_3D_2,即光照为1 500 lx,H_2O_2质量浓度为50mg/L,pH值为8.5,温度为25℃。     

输油管道冻胀安全性温度场有限元分析

冻土区输油管道在投产运行过程中,由于管道沿线受到冻融影响引起的管线变形破坏现象比较普遍。已建的中俄原油管线由漠河进入中国,经过我国北方多年冻土区和季节冻土区直至大庆。输油管道在寒区运行过程中与周围土体发生了热交换,使原自然土层热交换体系改变,进而对运行的管线造成不利的影响如冻胀和融沉。本文对此进行研究为管道安全运行提供参考依据。     

Physical Determinants of Methane Oxidation Capacity in a Temperate Soil

Methane oxidation capacity of soil from an experimentalsite in Northwest England was strongly dependent on temperatureand percentage water holding capacity. The soil had a distincttemperature optimum of 25 °C, with capacity for net methaneoxidation being completely lost below 5 and greater than37 °C. Optimum percentage water holding capacity for methaneoxidation was in the range 30–60%, with significant reductions inmethane oxidation rates in soils outside this range. Organic andmineral layers within the soil showed differences in potentialmethane oxidation rate, with methane oxidation being most rapid inthe buried organic layer and least rapid in the surface organiclayer. The importance of soil structure and gas diffusionlimitation is underlined, as is the strong temperature dependenceof methane oxidation when such diffusion limitation is removed.     

高温烟气除尘用纤维滤料研究进展

本文对上程上高温烟气来源进行了分类，对当前高温烟气过滤的核心技术的耐高温过滤材料的使用现状进行了分析，对高温玄武岩纤维过滤材料进行了重点探讨与展望，指出玄武岩纤维滤材当前在高温烟气过滤行业中急需解决的问题和产业科技成果转化方向。     

Effects of life‐history requirements on the distribution of a threatened reptile

Survival and reproduction are the two primary life‐history traits essential for species’ persistence; however, the environmental conditions that support each of these traits may not be the same. Despite this, reproductive requirements are seldom considered when estimating species’ potential distributions. We sought to examine potentially limiting environmental factors influencing the distribution of an oviparous reptile of conservation concern with respect to the species’ survival and reproduction and to assess the implications of the species’ predicted climatic constraints on current conservation practices. We used ecological niche modeling to predict the probability of environmental suitability for the alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii). We built an annual climate model to examine survival and a nesting climate model to examine reproduction. We combined incubation temperature requirements, products of modeled soil temperature data, and our estimated distributions to determine whether embryonic development constrained the northern distribution of the species. Low annual precipitation constrained the western distribution of alligator snapping turtles, whereas the northern distribution was constrained by thermal requirements during embryonic development. Only a portion of the geographic range predicted to have a high probability of suitability for alligator snapping turtle survival was estimated to be capable of supporting successful embryonic development. Historic occurrence records suggest adult alligator snapping turtles can survive in regions with colder climes than those associated with consistent and successful production of offspring. Estimated egg‐incubation requirements indicated that current reintroductions at the northern edge of the species’ range are within reproductively viable environmental conditions. Our results highlight the importance of considering survival and reproduction when estimating species’ ecological niches, implicating conservation plans, and benefits of incorporating physiological data when evaluating species’ distributions.