Bacterial community structure analyses to assess pollution of water and sediments in the Lake Shkodra/Skadar, Balkan Peninsula

- Goal, Scope, Background. Lake Skadar is the largest lake in Balkan Peninsula, located on the Montenegro-Albanian border. The unique features of the lake and wide range of endemic and rare or endangered plant and animal species resulted in the classification of the Skadar as a wetland site of international significance. In spite of its importance the Lake is influenced by inflowing waters from river Morača and other regional rivers contaminated by the industry, municipal and agricultural activities in the area. Therefore, the Lake has been subject of various physical, chemical, biological and toxicological examinations. However, community-level analyses are most relevant to assess the effect of stressors on aquatic ecosystems. In the present study bacterial community structure among differently polluted sites of the lake was compared by genetic fingerprinting technique. Methods Water and sediment samples were collected from five differently polluted sampling sites on the Lake Skadar in spring and autumn of the same year. The bacterial community structure in the samples was characterized and compared by temporal temperature gel electrophoresis (TTGE) analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Results and Discussion The TTGE analysis resulted in many distinguishable and reproducible band patterns, allowing reliable comparison of bacterial communities among sampling sites. Results on the bacterial community structure revealed that three of the selected locations can be considered as sites that have not shown any pollution degradation determined by our method, due to similar structure of bacterial community in the sediment samples. On the other hand, significant shifts in bacterial community structure in the mouth of the river Morača and Plavnica were shown. Since the results coincide with some of the bioassays and chemical analysis performed previously, the changes in bacterial community structure are explained as an effect of antropogenic pollution on the lake ecosystem by waters of river Morača and stream Plavnica. Conclusion The TTGE has proven to be an efficient and reliable method to monitor bacterial dynamics and community shifts in aquatic environment, especially in the sediments. Within the variety of environmental quality assessments the use of TTGE analyses of bacterial community is strongly recommended, particularly as an initial investigation. However, in any conclusion on the state of the environment, the TTGE results should be combined to some other biological, chemical and hydrological data. Recommendation and Outlook Since prokaryotes are a crucial group of organisms in the biosphere, the ecosystem function studies are largely based on bacterial communities. Therefore, bacterial community structure analysis should be a part of an integrated weight of evidence approach in pollution assessment. In case of Triad approach, consisting of chemical analyses, bioassays, and community studies in the field, the TTGE bacterial community structure analyses should be placed in the later Triad leg. In comparison to other community studies, based on various biotic indices, the TTGE bacterial community analysis has proven to be very sensitive, reliable and less time consuming.     

广西春旱的时空分布特征及成因分析

利用广西具有气候代表性的32个站点1961-2007年逐日降水量资料,引入季节无雨日作为划分干旱的标准,采用EOF分析等方法,分析了广西春旱的时空分布特征;并用NCEP再分析资料、NOAA海温资料、国家气候中心的74项环流特征量资料等,对广西春旱的成因进行了分析。结果表明:从时间变化看,广西春旱的趋势变化不明显,主要以年际、年代际变化为主,从空间分布看,广西春旱以全区一致性型为主要空间分布型;在春旱年,广西上空对流层低层出现偏南-西南气流距平强辐散异常,伴随有明显的水汽通量辐散异常,同时东亚大槽偏弱,阿留申低压明显减弱,中纬度大陆高压减弱,中高纬环流平直,不利于冷空气南下华南;广西春旱年前冬阿留申低压明显增强,大陆高压也增强,冷空气活动频繁,当前冬印缅槽偏弱时,广西春季发生干旱的可能性较大。     

云南近百年来温度雨量的变化特征分析

用气候倾向率、Morlet小波方法,对云南10个站1901-2007年的年降水和平均温度资料分析表明:100年来云南平均增温速率为0.031℃/10a。近50年来全省平均增温速率为0.242℃/10a,略高于全国的增温,增温最大的是滇中的昆明、滇南的普洱,分别为0.442℃/10a和0.409℃/10a,并且西部明显高于东部。100年来云南年降水呈减少趋势,平均速率为7.288mm/10a,近50年来,年降水量减少平均速率为6.66mm/10a。但云南降水的区域分异非常明显,云南的东部、中部降水减少;而滇西北和滇东南地区降水增加。云南气温明显的年代际变化是32年,发生了3次突变。年降水呈明显的年代际及年际振荡,具有16～32年、4～8年周期。     

阿哈水库浮游植物功能群时空分布特征及其影响因子分析

为了解贵州高原阿哈水库的浮游植物功能类群时空分布特征及其影响因素,于2012年至2013年枯水期(11月)、平水期(4月)、丰水期(7月)对浮游植物与水样进行分层采样分析.研究结果表明:浮游植物可分为23个功能群,优势功能群为B、D、J、LO、P、S1和X1,其时空分布特征表现为:枯水期、平水期与丰水期分别以B+D+P+LO、S1+LO以及S1为主,其丰度由枯水期至丰水期依次递增;优势功能群主要在15 m以下水体发生变化,营养物质分布差异及人工放闸泄水是产生该特征的主要原因;采样点大坝和库中的优势功能群季节变化大致相同,但却表现出大坝多于库中,而其丰度却低于库中的特征,水动力条件是导致这一变化的主要原因.经RDA分析得出,优势功能群丰度与水温呈正相关,与总氮、透明度、磷酸盐、硝氮呈负相关,其中水温、透明度为影响浮游植物功能群时空分布的主要因子.     

大气14CO2的时空分异特征及其在化石源CO2示踪中的应用

大气CO₂中放射性碳同位素(¹⁴C)的水平可以反映化石源CO₂的影响程度,这对于评估我国目前化石源CO₂的排放状况和制定节能减排政策具有重要的指导意义。本文在概述大气¹⁴CO₂采样和分析方法的基础上,简要介绍了大气¹⁴CO₂观测的起源和主要的源汇过程,重点论述了大气¹⁴CO₂的时空分异特征及其驱动因素;阐述了化石源CO₂浓度的估算方法及¹⁴CO₂在国内外化石源CO₂示踪中的应用现状,并对大气¹⁴CO₂观测在我国化石源CO₂示踪中的应用前景进行了展望;旨在为我国正确地开展大气¹⁴CO₂的观测研究,深刻地理解特定区域大气¹⁴CO₂的时空分异特征和化石源CO₂的分布状况提供参考。     

重庆市主城区PM2.5时空分布特征

利用2014年6月1日至2015年5月31日重庆市主城区17个国控空气质量监测站24 h自动连续采样的PM_(2.5)浓度数据,探讨了重庆市主城区PM_(2.5)时空分布特征.结果表明:1重庆市主城区PM_(2.5)季节浓度由高到低依次为冬季(100.2μg·m~(-3))、秋季(66.1μg·m~(-3))、春季(45.9μg·m~(-3))和夏季(33.4μg·m~(-3))(P0.05).2重庆市主城区PM_(2.5)月均浓度变化呈单峰单谷型,1月PM_(2.5)月均浓度最高(P0.05),达到120.8μg·m-3.3逐日变化,国控17个空气质量监测站PM_(2.5)日均浓度曲线都呈现出尖峰和深谷交替变化的锯齿状.4重庆市主城区16个国控监测点(除缙云山对照点)PM_(2.5)浓度日变化在全年、春季、秋季和冬季都呈现明显的双峰双谷型.5PM_(2.5)与SO_2、NO_2和CO都呈显著正相关(P0.01),表明SO_2、NO_2和CO的二次转化对PM_(2.5)浓度具有显著影响.     

洪泽湖浮游动物时空分布特征及其驱动因素

洪泽湖是我国第四大淡水湖,承担着周边的工农业用水以及为人类提供渔业资源等重要功能.研究洪泽湖浮游动物群落结构变化可为洪泽湖生态环境的科学管理提供理论依据.通过2017年3月至2018年2月的逐月调查数据,结合洪泽湖浮游动物的种类组成、密度和生物量的时空变化,以及群落多样性和优势种的季节变化特征,并运用典范对应分析等方法探讨了洪泽湖浮游动物的时空变化与环境因子的相互关系.群落结构分析表明,洪泽湖浮游动物年均密度为383.87 ind·L^-1,年均生物量为1.36 mg·L^-1.洪泽湖浮游动物群落结构时空变化较大,时间上夏季浮游动物群落结构波动较大,秋季浮游动物密度与生物量均达到最大值,冬季浮游动物群落结构最为简单;空间上成子湖和溧河洼浮游动物较为丰富,差异较小,过水区浮游动物较少且变化较大.典范对应分析表明,洪泽湖浮游动物群落结构的时空变化与水位、总磷、水温和总氮等因素显著相关.不同时间浮游动物群落结构变化的主导因素不同,夏季主导因素是水位与水温;秋冬季主导因素是水温、营养盐及叶绿素等.不同湖区点位集中程度不同,过水区分布的更为分散,浮游动物群落结构差异较大,成子湖和溧河洼分布的相对集中,浮游动物群落结构差异较小.水位波动对浮游动物群落结构的变化影响最大,表现在水位波动会直接影响浮游动物群落结构,同时也会通过影响水质而间接影响浮游动物群落结构.     

西安市PM2.5污染的时空分布

为探索PM2.5的分布规律及其影响因素,对2013年西安市13个监测站点的全年ρ(PM2.5)数据进行了统计与整理.分析了ρ(PM2.5)的时空分布,采用聚类分析、小波变换研究了ρ(PM2.5)的区域分布特征与年际变化及突变特征,并对相关因素进行了探讨.结果表明,西安市ρ(PM2.5)在时间分布上具有冬高夏低的特点,而在空间分布上则以市人民体育场和草滩监测点所在区域为ρ(PM2.5)高值中心;ρ(PM2.5)在空间上可分为3大类,纺织城监测点单独为1类,经开区与草滩监测点为2类,另外10个监测点为3类,聚类效果的相关系数为0.7994,显示聚类效果较好;在ρ(PM2.5)年际变化中,除了6月和7月以外,其他月份ρ(PM2.5)均值为147.29 μg/m3,日照时间短和静风是导致ρ(PM2.5)发生突变的主要气象因素.     

Vertical and temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and relationship with their influencing factors in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone： a case study in Taihu Lake, China

Vertical and temporal distributions of N and P in soil solution in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone （ATE） of Taihu Lake were investigated, and the relations among N, P, ORP （oxidation reduction potential）, TOC, root system biomass and microorganism were studied. As a whole, significant declines in TN, NO3^--N, DON （dissolved organic nitrogen） and TP concentration in soil solution have occurred with increase of the depth, and reached their minima at 60 cm depth, except for NH4^＋-N, which increased with depth. The concentration of TP increased gradually from spring to winter in the topsoil, the maximum 0.08 mg/L presented in the winter while the minimum 0.03 mg/L in spring. In the deeper layer, the concentration value of TP fluctuated little. As for the NO3^--N, its seasonal variation was significant at 20 cm depth, its concentration increased gradually from spring to autumn, and decreased markedly in winter. Vertical and temporal distribution of DON is contrary to that of NO3^--N. The results also show that the variation of N and P in the percolate between adjacent layers is obviously different. The vertical variation ofTN, TP, NO3^--N, NH4^＋-N and DON is significant, of which the variation coefficient of NO3^--N along the depth reaches 100.23%, the highest; while the variation coefficient of DON is 41.14%, the smallest. The results of correlation analysis show that the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus correlate significantly with TOC, ORP, root biomass and counts of nitrifying bacteria. Most nutrients altered much from 20 to 40 cm along the depth. However, DON changed more between 60 and 80 cm. Results show that soil of 0-60 cm depth is active rhizoplane, with strong capability to remove the nitrogen and phosphorus in ATE. It may suggest that there exists the optimum ecological efficiency in the depth of above 60 cm in reed wetland. This will be very significant for ecological restoration and reestablishment.     

环渤海海岸大气微塑料污染时空分布特征与表面形貌

微塑料污染已成为国内外的热点环境问题.目前,针对大气环境中微塑料污染的研究仅在少数地区开展.为比较环渤海沿海城市大气微塑料污染的长周期分布特征,本研究以烟台、天津和大连3个城市为例,于2018年6月—2019年5月进行大气沉降样品的采集,经体视显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和显微傅里叶红外光谱仪观察,分析了大气微塑料的类型、颜色、粒径、成分、微观形貌及主要成分等特征,并计算了微塑料的大气沉降通量.结果表明,在3个采样点大气沉降样品中共同存在纤维、薄膜、碎片和颗粒4种类型的微塑料,其中绝大部分为纤维类（>90%）.大气沉降微塑料的颜色主要包括透明、蓝色、红色、黑色等;粒径大多<1 mm.大气沉降样品中的微塑料主要成分为赛璐玢（>50%）和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（>30%）,且微塑料表面存在明显风化特征.烟台、天津和大连地区单位面积微塑料年沉降量分别为2.7×10⁴、8.9×10⁴和7.2×10⁴粒·m^-2.研究结果可为环渤海海岸城市大气微塑料污染与防控研究提供科学依据.