蠡湖水体氮、磷时空变化及差异性分析

蠡湖是一个典型处于从浊水藻型向清水草型转换过渡时期的浅水湖泊.根据2012~2013年周年的现场调查资料和历史监测资料,分析了水体氮、磷的空间分布、变化规律及主要影响因素,并探讨了水体氮、磷形态的时空差异及其相应的控制对策.结果表明,蠡湖仍然没有从根本上解决水体的富营养化问题,水体中氮、磷浓度仍处于一种不稳定的状态,各采样点总氮(TN)浓度在0.74~4.93mg/L之间,平均值为1.35mg/L;总磷(TP)浓度在0.03~0.31mg/L之间,平均值为0.073mg/L.空间上,TN和TP浓度自东向西依次递减,呈现东蠡湖高于西蠡湖,沿岸区高于湖心区的趋势;季节上,TN、TP浓度呈现夏季、秋季较高,而冬季、春季低的特点;水体中氮主要以溶解态为主,DTN占TN的比例在35%~99%之间,平均为77.98%;而磷主要是以颗粒态的形态占优势,颗粒态磷占TP的比例在11%~90%之间,平均值为59%.多元统计表明,TN与DTN和总悬浮物(TSS)之间呈正相关关系,但与TSS的相关性系数较小,而TP与DTP和TSS都呈显著正相关.因此,要降低水体中氮磷浓度,可以从减少通过干湿沉降进入湖泊水体的氮磷或者降低沉积物再悬浮、抑制底泥氮磷释放两个方面入手.     

Discharge and Nutrient Transport between Lakes in a Hydrologically Complex Area of Voyageurs National Park,Minnesota, 2010‐2012

An acoustic Doppler velocity meter (ADVM) was deployed in the narrows between Namakan and Kabetogama Lakes in Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, from November 3, 2010, through October 3, 2012. The ADVM can account for wind, seiche, and changing flow direction in hydrologically complex areas. The objectives were to (1) estimate discharge and document the direction of water flow, (2) assess whether specific conductance can be used to determine flow direction, and (3) document nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations at the narrows. The discharge direction through the narrows was seasonal. Water generally flowed out of Kabetogama Lake and into Namakan Lake throughout the ice‐covered season. During spring, water flow was generally from Namakan Lake to Kabetogama Lake. During the summer and fall, the water flowed in both directions, affected in part by wind. Water flowed into Namakan Lake 70% of water year 2011 and 56% of water year 2012. Nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations were highest during the summer months when water‐flow direction was unpredictable. The use of an ADVM was effective for assessing flow direction and provided flow direction under ice. The results indicated the eutrophic Kabetogama Lake may have a negative effect on the more pristine Namakan Lake. The results also provide data on the effects of the current water‐level management plan and may help determine if adjustments are necessary to help protect the aquatic ecosystem of Voyageurs National Park.     

山东省生态环境质量现状及动态变化研究

以2005年和2009年美国陆地卫星(Landsat TM)影像为基本数据源,利用遥感与GIS技术对山东省生态环境状况进行了监测,并依据《生态环境状况评价技术规范(试行)》(HJT 192-2006),对山东省生态环境质量现状及动态变化趋势进行了评价。结果表明,山东省生态环境质量总体处于一般水平;2005—2009年山东省生态环境质量状况基本稳定,局部地区有所改善。     

焦作市雨水中重金属特征

对焦作市的降水的pH值、重金属浓度进行监测和分析,并分析其中的重金属浓度变化规律以及与pH值、温度、降雨量、其采样间气象条件的关系,从而推测出当前焦作市的空气污染状况。结果表明：焦作市高新区属于弱酸雨区。其中重金属平均含量大小依次为Fe〉Cu〉Mn〉Zn〉Pb〉Ni;样品中Fe的浓度较高,且受pH值和降雨量的影响较大;Cu的含量基本上均在0．08mg／1-0．10mg／l以内,同时其浓度与降雨量呈正相关;Mn的浓度远远低于Fe的浓度,且在样品5和11中浓度达到峰值;Zn的浓度较高,且在样品5和17中浓度达到峰值。Ni和Pb的含量较低;Pb的浓度与pH值呈负相关,Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe四种金属的浓度变化与pH值的相关性总体上呈正线性相关。其相关系数大小依次RMn〉RFe〉RZn〉RCu;Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe四种金属的浓度变化与样品总体积的相关性总体上Cu、Zn呈正线性相关,Mn、Fe呈负线性相关。其相关系数大小依次RFe〉RMn〉RCu〉RZn.     

六股河水质污染特征分析

本文通过对不同时段和不同监测点环境监测数据的对比分析,研究了六股河水质污染特征。结果发现：2004～2010年六股河上游和中游符合Ⅱ-Ⅲ类标准,水质保持良好,但部分年份入海口处水质下降,主要污染指标为高锰酸盐指数和石油类。水期监测结果反映了六股河水质主要污染特征：入海口处个别年份丰水期和平水期主要污染物浓度突升是造成水质下降的主要原因。高流量状态下水质下降反映出受面源污染影响特征。入海口小渔场断面污染物入海通量估算结果表明：高锰酸盐指数和石油类入海量总体呈下降趋势,氨氮入海量呈先下降后急剧升高趋势。     

渤海偏东风对北戴河区降水及温度影响统计分析

利用2001—2010年1～12月北戴河观测站气象资料,筛选出401个样本个例,应用常规统计学方法及天气学理论,按不同分级统计分析降雨(雪)前6～8 h风向、风速及转为海风时温度变化基本数据,计算不同分级相关系数值,得出海上偏东风与降水、温度半定量化估计值。并用临近4个观测站同步资料对比分析,偏东风动态变化对岸区强降水落区具有指示意义;北戴河至内陆延伸温度梯度估计值为:夏季平均值0.6℃/10 km,冬季0.3℃/10 km;为单站精细化预报方法研究及中尺度数值模式检验提供基本依据。     

珠江流域极端降雨时空演变特征分析

基于珠江流域1960-2005年42个雨量站的日降雨资料,定义了3个极端降雨的指标(最大连续降雨量(MCP)、最大连续降雨天数(MCD)以及最大连续降雨强度(MCI))及通过将三者叠加得到的综合指数Z,运用线性回归模型以及Mann-Kendall法分析了珠江流域极端降雨的时空分布特征。研究结果表明:①珠江流域的MCP、MCD、MCI和Z值在总空间分布上呈东大西小的局势,全年和夏季MCP、MCD、MCI等Z值的高值出现在珠江三角洲、桂林市、百色市等地区,表明上述区域是极端降雨的高发区;②珠江流域近46年的极端降雨事件没有出现显著变异,未发现显著突变;③极端降雨事件的空间分布特征与地形有密切联系,流域内极端降水事件的多发区周围往往有山脉或高大地形环绕,由于山区或者丘陵区地势较高,因而易发生山洪等灾害。     

浑河上游(清原段)水环境中重金属时空分布及污染评价

为了解浑河上游(清原段)水环境中重金属污染水平及其污染程度,对浑河上游(清原段)表层水体和表层沉积物中6种重金属(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd、As)的含量及时空分布分别进行了研究,并分别采用综合污染指数评价法和地累积指数评价法对表层水体和表层沉积物中4种重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、As)的污染程度进行了评价.结果表明,浑河上游表层水体Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd、As的季节变化均表现为丰水期含量高于平水期和枯水期.表层水体Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd的沿程变化趋势基本相似,均在H7站出现最高值.不同水文时期的水体pH值、硬度和DO值对水体重金属含量分布产生的影响各不相同,水体重金属相互之间存在一定的显著性相关关系,说明它们之间可能具有一定的同源性.浑河上游表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Fe这4种重金属的季节变化规律均为:枯水期>丰水期>平水期.表层沉积物中Mn、Cu、Zn、As、Cd这5种重金属的沿程变化相似,均在中间出现一个最高值.采用综合污染指数评价法表明,浑河上游水体大部分水质良好,个别站位重金属污染比较突出.采用地累积指数法评价表明,浑河上游表层沉积物主要以Cu、Cd、As污染为主.     

城市污水管网内生物菌群演替规律

建立了一套长1200 m的城市污水模拟管段,研究了城市污水管网中微生物菌群的沿程演替规律,分析了管网生物膜的pH、DO、厚度、结构及菌群构造的变化情况.结果表明,城市污水管网生物膜pH变化不大,DO由0.35 mg·L-1减小为0.26 mg·L-1,生物膜厚度沿程开始呈增长趋势,平均厚度由300μm增加至800 m处的平均最大厚度560μm,此后呈现降低趋势,这主要与水力冲刷及易吸收营养物质的减少有关,因水力冲刷作用,管网生物膜的初始结构表面平整,随管网长度增加,生物膜呈现疏松构造,从而增大了生物膜比表面积,有利于其生长发育.同样作用下,管网生物膜中的菌群数量也呈现逐渐减少的趋势,生物菌群也发生了较大的变化,其中,200 m处有球菌属、链球菌属、杆菌属、链杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属等菌群,依次400 m、600 m处有肠球菌、脱硫弧菌属、硫单胞菌属,1000 m以后以甲烷球菌、反硝化杆菌、脱氮硫杆菌等厌氧菌为主,沿程菌群种数减少后形成了稳定的菌群结构存在.     

A CFD based explosion risk analysis methodology using time varying release rates in dispersion simulations

A full probabilistic Explosion Risk Analysis (ERA) is commonly used to establish overpressure exceedance curves for offshore facilities. This involves modelling a large number of gas dispersion and explosion scenarios. Capturing the time dependant build up and decay of a flammable gas cloud size along with its shape and location are important parameters that can govern the results of an ERA. Dispersion simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are generally carried out in detailed ERA studies to obtain these pieces of information. However, these dispersion simulations are typically modelled with constant release rates leading to steady state results. The basic assumption used here is that the flammable gas cloud build up rate from these constant release rate dispersion simulations would mimic the actual transient cloud build up rate from a time varying release rate. This assumption does not correctly capture the physical phenomena of transient gas releases and their subsequent dispersion and may lead to very conservative results. This in turn results in potential over design of facilities with implications on time, materials and cost of a project.In the current work, an ERA methodology is proposed that uses time varying release rates as an input in the CFD dispersion simulations to obtain the fully transient flammable gas cloud build-up and decay, while ensuring the total time required to perform the ERA study is also reduced. It was found that the proposed ERA methodology leads to improved accuracy in dispersion results, steeper overpressure exceedance curves and a significant reduction in the Design Accidental Load (DAL) values whilst still maintaining some conservatism and also reducing the total time required to perform an ERA study.