基于生态足迹的香格里拉县生态安全趋势预测

香格里拉县是世界自然遗产三江并流地区的核心部分,其生态安全备受世人关注。基于生态足迹模型分析了香格里拉县2002~2008年的生态足迹及生态承载力的变化过程。结果表明:该县人均生态足迹从0.549ghm2上升到0.717 ghm2,年均增加4.37%;生态承载力从0.768 8 ghm2下降到0.621 7 ghm2,年均下降2.73%。根据生态压力指数分析,2002~2004年属于生态较安全期,2005~2007年属于生态稍不安全期,从2008年起生态盈余成为生态赤字进入较不安全期。运用灰色系统方法预测了2009~2013年生态压力指数的动态变化,预测从2011年起已进入生态很不安全期,到2013年已接近生态极不安全期。说明生态安全恶化有加速的趋势,恢复和保护生态环境刻不容缓。本研究为香格里拉县可持续发展提供了依据,并实证了生态足迹模型在高山峡谷地区的应用。     

Water/acid gas interfacial tensions and their impact on acid gas geological storage

Acid gas geological disposal is a promising process to reduce CO₂ atmospheric emissions and an environment-friendly and economic alternative to the transformation of H₂S into sulphur by the Claus process. Acid gas confinement in geological formations is to a large extent controlled by the capillary properties of the water/acid–gas/caprock system, because a significant fraction of the injected gas rises buoyantly and accumulates beneath the caprock. These properties include the water/acid gas interfacial tension (IFT), to which the so-called capillary entry pressure of the gas in the water-saturated caprock is proportional. In this paper we present the first ever systematic water/acid gas IFT measurements carried out by the pendant drop technique under geological storage conditions. We performed IFT measurements for water/H₂S systems over a large range of pressure (up to P = 15 MPa) and temperature (up to T = 120 °C). Water/H₂S IFT decreases with increasing P and levels off at around 9–10 mN/m at high T (≥70 °C) and P (>12 MPa). The latter values are around 30–40% of water/CO₂ IFTs, and around 20% of water/CH₄ IFTs at similar T and P conditions. The IFT between water and a CO₂ + H₂S mixture at T = 77 °C and P > 7.5 MPa is observed to be approximately equal to the molar average IFT of the water/CO₂ and water/H₂S binary mixtures. Thus, when the H₂S content in the stored acid gas increases the capillary entry pressure decreases, together with the maximum height of acid gas column and potential storage capacity of a given geological formation. Hence, considerable attention should be exercised when refilling with a H₂S-rich acid gas a depleted gas reservoir, or a depleted oil reservoir with a gas cap: in the case of hydrocarbon reservoirs that were initially (i.e., at the time of their discovery) close to capillary leakage, acid gas leakage through the caprock will inevitably occur if the refilling pressure approaches the initial reservoir pressure.     

海工装备系泊缆索拉力监测技术与装置研究

目的 研究缆索拉力的实时监测技术和装置,以保障海工装备的系泊安全。方法 以导向滑轮的主承力构件滑轮轴为研究对象,在保证结构强度的前提下,对滑轮轴结构进行改造,研制缆索拉力监测新结构新装置,将求解大径长比滑轮轴剪力问题转化为测量局部特征点的单向变形,并通过实尺度试验得到标定系数,间接推算缆索拉力,将试验数据与有限元计算结果进行对比,验证监测方法的可行性和精确度。结果 经过仿真分析与试验标定表明,滑轮轴特征点的变形与缆索拉力之间存在线性关系,以缆索拉力280 kN为界,可分段线性拟合缆索拉力标定系数,测点1系数为0.312 4和0.137 6,测点2系数为0.2699和0.098 2。结论 本文研究的监测技术和装置能够较为准确地监测海工装备系泊缆索的实时拉力,兼具高可靠性、低成本、易实施的特点。     

The role of self‐regulation in the relationship between abusive supervision and job tension

Trait and state self‐regulation both have critical influences on workplace behavior, but their influences are thought to operate quite differently. We draw from social exchange and ego depletion theories to investigate the relationship between trait and state self‐regulation, as well as how they differentially affect the relationship between subordinates' perceptions of abusive supervision and job tension. Specifically, we examine (a) how the interaction between abusive supervision and trait self‐regulation affects job tension and (b) how state self‐regulation mediates the relationship between abusive supervision and job tension. Using 3 studies that include an experiment (n = 81) and 2 field studies with cross‐sectional (n = 157) and time‐separated (n = 109) data, we demonstrate that the interaction between abusive supervision and trait self‐regulation increases experienced job tension for subordinates who report higher levels of abusive supervision and trait self‐regulation than others. Also, we provide evidence that abusive supervision is indirectly associated with job tension through state self‐regulation. This study's findings have important implications for abusive supervision and self‐regulation research, as well as social exchange and ego depletion theories, because we extend our understanding of how trait and state self‐regulation affect cognitive responses associated with abusive supervision.     

基于生态足迹的甘孜州生态安全动态研究

利用生态足迹评价模型计算甘孜州1995~2007年生态足迹,并分析甘孜州的生态安全状况。甘孜州人均生态足迹从1995年的1.480467hm2增加到2007年的1.766288 hm2,以耕地与草地为主;人均生态承载力从1995年的5.646667 hm2减少到2007年的5.328501 hm2,减幅较小,生态承载力结构具有不对称性,以林地与草地为主;人均生态盈余从1995年的4.1662hm2减少到2007年的3.562213hm2,林地人均生态盈余基本稳定在5.0 hm2左右,是甘孜州人均生态盈余的主要贡献者;生态压力指数在0.280852~0.350215波动,生态占用指数在0.528738~0.718585波动,生态协调性指数在1.875003~2.327831波动。结果表明甘孜州生态环境处于安全状态,社会经济发展与生态环境的协调性较差。     

油污土壤中柴油去除的影响因素

以柴油为污染物,通过一维砂柱实验模拟油污土壤中柴油去除过程,从油水界面张力(IFT)角度分析溶液pH、淋滤速度和表面活性物质对除油效果的影响。结果表明,延长油水接触时间、升高或降低蒸馏水pH值均使油水界面张力下降,低淋滤速度下单位孔隙体积水中石油浓度较大,而水溶液pH的变化对除油效果影响不明显。十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和乙醇使油水界面张力显著下降,因此表面活性物质的除油效率明显高于蒸馏水,乙醇溶液的除油效率随着体积浓度的增加而升高。从石油释放动力学方程计算的柴油累积释放量看,50%乙醇除油效率最高,8 mmol/L SDS溶液次之,在淋洗初期柴油去除效果最为明显,而在中期和后期除油率增加幅度逐渐减小。     

聚合物驱采油污水稳定性的影响因素

研究了聚合物质量浓度、分子量及原油族组分对模拟含油污水油水界面性质的影响。实验结果表明：聚合物驱采油污水的稳定性不但与聚合物含量、分子量有关,还与原油中沥青质、胶质的含量有关;随着含油污水中阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺（APAM）质量浓度的增加,油水界面张力逐渐下降,Zeta电位绝对值和油水界面剪切黏度逐渐上升;APAM分子量越小,油水界面张力降低的程度越大;随剪切速率的增加,油水界面剪切黏度均逐渐降低;当剪切速率小于0.30 s-1时,4种原油族组分对污水稳定性影响的大小顺序为沥青质>胶质>芳香分>饱和分;随沥青质、胶质含量的增加,油水界面张力明显降低,Zeta电位的绝对值显著增大。     

地下开采沉陷对滑坡灾害的影响分析

我国西部矿区大部分位于山区及丘岭地区,这种条件下开采往往会导致滑坡灾害的发生。利用FLAC3D模拟地下开采地表沉陷规律,分析开采沉陷对滑坡稳定性的影响。通过GeoStu-dio软件模拟降雨入渗下滑坡暂态渗流场,将计算得到的暂态孔隙水压力分布用于滑坡的极限平衡分析,并考虑基吸力对非饱和土抗剪强度的影响。探讨渗透系数、裂缝位置和深度对滑坡稳定性的影响。研究表明:降雨是诱发黄土层采动滑坡的主要因素,开采沉陷对采动滑坡稳定性的影响受控于采动区滑坡体结构形态、入渗能力、裂缝位置和深度。     

阴离子表面活性剂对微孔曝气氧传质过程影响的研究

阴离子表面活性剂在污水中广泛存在,并对曝气氧传质过程有重要影响.因此,通过试验研究了不同浓度的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)对微孔曝气氧传质过程的影响.结果表明,当表面活性剂SDBS的浓度在0～5.74×10-5mol·L-1之间变化时,氧总转移系数(KLa)和水质修正系数(α)先减小后增大,在浓度为1.43×10-5 mol· L-1左右时最低.对于同一SDBS浓度,通气量越大,α值越大,说明大气量可以部分抵消表面活性剂对传质的不利影响.在低表面活性剂浓度(CsDBs＜ 1.43×10-5 mol· L-1)时,表面张力迅速下降,抑制传质作用占主导,此时KLα减小;随着表面活性剂浓度增大,由于气含率增大所带来的促进传质作用逐渐占主导,此时KLa增大.最终建立KLα和表面张力(γ∞)、气含率(b)之间的多元线性关系方程为:KLα =0.00024γ∞+0.094 b+0.044.     

Urban environmental problems in cities of the Kurdistan region in Iraq

Cities in the Kurdistan region in Iraq – particularly, the capital city of Hewlair (Erbil) – are facing environmental problems such as water, air and noise pollution. Political instability, ethnic tensions, politically motivated decisions, wars and economic sanctions, consumerism, lack of sufficient funds, and tension between the federal and regional governments due to power and wealth sharing are major contributors to the environmental problems; this paper will depict and analyse these. Although these problems are causing serious health issues for the inhabitants and sometimes death, the authorities are unable to solve them. The paper sheds light on the causes and effects of the environmental problems and also draws conclusions and makes suggestions.