Directions for hazardous waste storage and final disposal of treated hazardous waste (THW) in Austria

Austria produces about 700,000 tons of hazardous waste a year. Approximately 8% are sent to the incinerating facility EBS near Vienna. Approximately 60% THW (treated hazardous wastes) are finally disposed of. An unknown amount is sent to foreign countries for storage and landfilling.

By order of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Public Health our institute elaborates guidelines for designing and operating final disposal hazardous waste facilities.

This paper deals with the fundamental aspects and the present state of these guidelines.     

中国服务业能源消费CO2排放及其因素分解

基于IPCC温室气体排放清单指南中的CO₂排放因子与核算方法,估算了1995—2010年中国服务业能源消费与CO₂排放量,并对其总体变化趋势进行时间序列分析;以LMDI(对数平均迪氏指数)法辨识与分解3个时段(1995—2000年、2000—2005年和2005—2010年)中影响中国服务业CO₂排放量变动的关键因素及其对CO₂排放量的贡献值. 结果表明:1995—2010年中国服务业能源消费CO₂排放量增长态势明显,累计排放总量为853197.55×104t;服务业能源消费主要依赖于高碳化能源燃料,各年度油品和煤品分别占能源消费总量的67%~74%和5%~27%;LMDI分析结果显示,1995—2010年产业规模和人口效应引起CO₂排放增加量分别为133357.10×104和7691.25×104t,能源效率和能源结构引起CO₂排放减少量分别为59034.50×104和23898.60×104t. 提出CO₂减排对策:①以经济、政策和监管手段促进服务业节能减排;②依托科技创新提高能源综合利用效率,降低服务业CO₂排放量.      

喀斯特石漠化山区苔藓多样性及水土保持研究

喀斯特石漠化已成为制约我国西南地区可持续发展的重要生态环境问题. 以云南芝云洞山区苔藓植物为研究对象,于2012年1月进行调查和样地设置,共采集样品75份,采用经典形态分类法进行鉴定,分析苔藓多样性及其对水土保持的贡献. 结果表明:苔藓植物有11科25属53种;苔藓植物种数为无石漠化区(34)＞轻度石漠化区(14)＞中度石漠化区(12)＞强度石漠化区(7),丰富度指数也为无石漠化区(2.8748)＞轻度石漠化区(0.1941)＞中度石漠化区(-1.1767)＞强度石漠化区(-1.8923). 石漠化区苔藓植物相似性指数相差较小,其中强度石漠化区与中度石漠化区的相似性指数为0.3750,强度石漠化区与轻度石漠化区为0.3077,中度石漠化区与轻度石漠化区为0.3846;而石漠化区与无石漠化区相似性指数相差较大,其中无石漠化区与强度和轻度石漠化区的相似性指数分别为0.0714和0.0952. 强度、中度和轻度石漠化区与无石漠化区均匀度指数分别为0.5900、0.5133、0.4899和0.6107. 6种优势苔藓植物(长叶纽藓、卷叶湿地藓、东亚小石藓、黑扭口藓、卵叶青藓和狭叶湿地藓)的生物量、成土量和饱和吸水量分别在0.962~9.546、1.294~40.181、8.890~82.571g/m2之间,表明可以将苔藓植物作为该类地区的先锋植物.      

我国空气质量健康指数的初步研究

收集我国16个城市2001~2010年每日PM10、SO2和NO2浓度和居民日死亡数,采用经典的时间序列研究方法和贝叶斯层次模型,分析在全国水平上各污染物与居民每日总死亡率的暴露反应关系,据此构建我国空气质量健康指数(AQHI).比较AQHI与现行空气污染指数(API)和空气质量指数(AQI)预测居民日死亡率的能力.结果显示,AQHI的构建公式为:AQHI=10/16.4×100×[exp(0.00019×PM10)-1+exp (0.00061×NO2)-1].AQHI预测居民每日总死亡率、心血管疾病死亡率和呼吸系统疾病死亡率的强度和精确度均优于现行的API与AQI.     

Trace metals in fish of economic interest from the west of Alexandria,Egypt

The concentration of some heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the muscle, liver, and gills in eight fish species, Caranx crysos, Euthynnus alleferatus, Scomberomorus commerson, Sphyraena viridensis, Sargus sargus, Siganus rivulatus, Mugil species, and Sardinella aurita were collected seasonally from the Mediterranean Sea in the region of Alexandria. The highest concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, and Zn were measured in liver tissue, while gill tissue yielded the highest concentrations of Mn, Ni, and Pb. Muscle is the organ of poor accumulation factor for all metals under investigation. Concentration of cadmium in muscle in Mugil species exceeds the permissible limit in summer, while Siganus rivulatus exceeds it in the summer and autumn seasons. On the other hand, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc are still much lower than the permissible levels. The metal pollution index (MPI) for metals was studied, revealing that Siganus rivulatus, Mugil species and Sardinella aurita had the highest MPI. Provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) indicates that the concentration levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the muscle of all fish species under investigation are much lower than recommended PTDI values, and accordingly there is no risk for the human consumption of these fish species.     

Response of a Fuzzy INdex of Ecosystem integrity (FINE) to water and sedimentary chemical data in two northern Adriatic lagoons

The European WFD (2000/60/EC) requires the assessment of the ecological quality status of water bodies, and gives great importance to the biological components of the ecosystem. A multimetric, fuzzy-based index for the evaluation of environmental quality (FINE: Fuzzy INdex of Ecosystem integrity) has been developed. The FINE index was calculated at 7 sites in the Sacca di Goro and the Valli di Comacchio (Adriatic Sea), where water and sedimentary chemical data were available for the years 2004 and 2005. A significant positive correlation was found between FINE values and dissolved oxygen, while significant negative correlations were observed between FINE values and transparency, nitrogen and phosphorous in the water column, and heavy metals and PCB in the sediments.     

基于SPI指数的1981—2010年内蒙古地区干旱时空分布特征

依据内蒙古地区47 个地面观测站1981—2010 年降水资料,采用标准化降水指数(SPI)作为干旱指标,分析了内蒙古地区年度和四季干旱发生的频率、干旱强度和站次比(发生干旱站数与总站数之比) 的演变特点。结果表明:年度、秋季和冬季干旱强度变化趋势不明显,春、夏季干旱强度呈显著上升的趋势;近30 a 来年尺度上干旱强度表现为轻度干旱,四季干旱强度以轻度干旱为主;年、季尺度上干旱发生的覆盖范围为局域性干旱和区域性干旱;内蒙古东北部呼伦贝尔盟是年度干旱、中旱、重旱与特旱发生频率最高地区,而西部阿拉善盟地区干旱、中旱、重旱和特旱发生的频率相对较低;从季节上来看,内蒙古全区春、冬季干旱(含中、重和特旱)发生频率较为一致,表现为西部及西南部地区干旱发生的频率较低,而东部、中部、北部地区干旱发生的频率相对较高。     

省域旅游发展的错位现象及旅游资源相对效率评价——以中国大陆31省市区2000—2009年面板数据为例

以中国大陆31 个省级区域2000—2009 年的面板数据(因资料有限,未计算香港、澳门和台湾地区)为例,运用熵值法对各地区旅游资源禀赋状况进行评价,进一步构建错位指数,对各地区旅游业发展的“错位(诅咒) ”现象进行定量分析,同时结合旅游资源相对效率,对各地区旅游资源开发提出相应的建议。研究表明,总体上大陆旅游资源存在着一定程度的负向错位现象,正向错位的地区主要位于东部地区,且集中分布在长三角、珠三角、京津地区;发生负向错位现象的地区主要位于广大中西部地区。不同区域效率的驱动模式各不相同,东部地区旅游资源总效率主要受纯技术效率驱动,西部地区旅游资源总效率主要受规模效率驱动。效率排名与错位指数排名表现出很强的正相关性,结合两者的关系为未来省域旅游资源开发利用提供相应的建议。     

Relationships of the dimensions of sustainability as measured by the sustainable society index framework

This article presents a study of the interrelationships between the different dimensions of sustainability as measured by the sustainable society index framework. We examine the statistical relationships between the four indices making up the sustainable society index framework. The analysis uses the complete existing data set provided by Sustainable Society Foundation for the years 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2012 and for 151 countries. While the time period where data are available is quite short, we can make some preliminary observations about the apparent trends in the interrelationships of the different dimensions of sustainability. This study shows that the three dimensions of sustainability are far from all being synergic and positively correlated. There is a strong negative correlation between human well-being and environmental well-being. This is problematic from the point of view of the Brundtland Commission’s three-pillar definition of sustainability. However, the trade-off relationship between economic and environmental development measured by the economic well-being index and environmental well-being index is decreasing and the dimensions are becoming more de-linked. This trend is promising from the sustainability perspective.     

Prioritising development planning in the Indian semi-arid Deccan using sustainable livelihood security index approach

This paper presents the status of sustainable livelihood security index (SLSI) of Karnataka, the most drought prone state in the Southern part of India. Computation of ecological security index, economic efficiency index and social equity index, and finally SLSI were carried out at the district level for the entire state, using empirical data. The selected indicators were first normalised, and then using estimated weights, indices were computed. The results indicate that the state has a very low SLSI with only 27.6% of total geographical area (TGA) and 21.7% of population being placed in the ‘sustainable’ and ‘highly sustainable’ categories (covering 10 districts) while only 34% of the TGA covering six districts falls in the ‘moderately sustainable’ category. The remaining area, confined mostly to the northern parts of the state, comprising 14 districts (51.8% of the state’s TGA) is categorised as ‘less sustainable’ and ‘very less sustainable’ exposing 44.4% (27.14 million) of state’s population to the perils of uncertain rainfall, high soil erosion rates, high social inequality and poor resource use efficiency. There is an urgent need to reorient development programmes and prioritise development investments in these vulnerable districts so that they are provided resources and opportunities to improve their ecological (more forest cover and less soil erosion), economic (higher agricultural productivity) and social (improved health and education facilities and rural infrastructure) status and achieve sustainable levels of livelihood.