Directions for hazardous waste storage and final disposal of treated hazardous waste (THW) in Austria

Austria produces about 700,000 tons of hazardous waste a year. Approximately 8% are sent to the incinerating facility EBS near Vienna. Approximately 60% THW (treated hazardous wastes) are finally disposed of. An unknown amount is sent to foreign countries for storage and landfilling.

By order of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Public Health our institute elaborates guidelines for designing and operating final disposal hazardous waste facilities.

This paper deals with the fundamental aspects and the present state of these guidelines.     

喀斯特石漠化山区苔藓多样性及水土保持研究

喀斯特石漠化已成为制约我国西南地区可持续发展的重要生态环境问题. 以云南芝云洞山区苔藓植物为研究对象,于2012年1月进行调查和样地设置,共采集样品75份,采用经典形态分类法进行鉴定,分析苔藓多样性及其对水土保持的贡献. 结果表明:苔藓植物有11科25属53种;苔藓植物种数为无石漠化区(34)＞轻度石漠化区(14)＞中度石漠化区(12)＞强度石漠化区(7),丰富度指数也为无石漠化区(2.8748)＞轻度石漠化区(0.1941)＞中度石漠化区(-1.1767)＞强度石漠化区(-1.8923). 石漠化区苔藓植物相似性指数相差较小,其中强度石漠化区与中度石漠化区的相似性指数为0.3750,强度石漠化区与轻度石漠化区为0.3077,中度石漠化区与轻度石漠化区为0.3846;而石漠化区与无石漠化区相似性指数相差较大,其中无石漠化区与强度和轻度石漠化区的相似性指数分别为0.0714和0.0952. 强度、中度和轻度石漠化区与无石漠化区均匀度指数分别为0.5900、0.5133、0.4899和0.6107. 6种优势苔藓植物(长叶纽藓、卷叶湿地藓、东亚小石藓、黑扭口藓、卵叶青藓和狭叶湿地藓)的生物量、成土量和饱和吸水量分别在0.962~9.546、1.294~40.181、8.890~82.571g/m2之间,表明可以将苔藓植物作为该类地区的先锋植物.      

Trace metals in fish of economic interest from the west of Alexandria,Egypt

The concentration of some heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the muscle, liver, and gills in eight fish species, Caranx crysos, Euthynnus alleferatus, Scomberomorus commerson, Sphyraena viridensis, Sargus sargus, Siganus rivulatus, Mugil species, and Sardinella aurita were collected seasonally from the Mediterranean Sea in the region of Alexandria. The highest concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, and Zn were measured in liver tissue, while gill tissue yielded the highest concentrations of Mn, Ni, and Pb. Muscle is the organ of poor accumulation factor for all metals under investigation. Concentration of cadmium in muscle in Mugil species exceeds the permissible limit in summer, while Siganus rivulatus exceeds it in the summer and autumn seasons. On the other hand, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc are still much lower than the permissible levels. The metal pollution index (MPI) for metals was studied, revealing that Siganus rivulatus, Mugil species and Sardinella aurita had the highest MPI. Provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) indicates that the concentration levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the muscle of all fish species under investigation are much lower than recommended PTDI values, and accordingly there is no risk for the human consumption of these fish species.     

Response of a Fuzzy INdex of Ecosystem integrity (FINE) to water and sedimentary chemical data in two northern Adriatic lagoons

The European WFD (2000/60/EC) requires the assessment of the ecological quality status of water bodies, and gives great importance to the biological components of the ecosystem. A multimetric, fuzzy-based index for the evaluation of environmental quality (FINE: Fuzzy INdex of Ecosystem integrity) has been developed. The FINE index was calculated at 7 sites in the Sacca di Goro and the Valli di Comacchio (Adriatic Sea), where water and sedimentary chemical data were available for the years 2004 and 2005. A significant positive correlation was found between FINE values and dissolved oxygen, while significant negative correlations were observed between FINE values and transparency, nitrogen and phosphorous in the water column, and heavy metals and PCB in the sediments.     

省域旅游发展的错位现象及旅游资源相对效率评价——以中国大陆31省市区2000—2009年面板数据为例

以中国大陆31 个省级区域2000—2009 年的面板数据(因资料有限,未计算香港、澳门和台湾地区)为例,运用熵值法对各地区旅游资源禀赋状况进行评价,进一步构建错位指数,对各地区旅游业发展的“错位(诅咒) ”现象进行定量分析,同时结合旅游资源相对效率,对各地区旅游资源开发提出相应的建议。研究表明,总体上大陆旅游资源存在着一定程度的负向错位现象,正向错位的地区主要位于东部地区,且集中分布在长三角、珠三角、京津地区;发生负向错位现象的地区主要位于广大中西部地区。不同区域效率的驱动模式各不相同,东部地区旅游资源总效率主要受纯技术效率驱动,西部地区旅游资源总效率主要受规模效率驱动。效率排名与错位指数排名表现出很强的正相关性,结合两者的关系为未来省域旅游资源开发利用提供相应的建议。     

Prioritising development planning in the Indian semi-arid Deccan using sustainable livelihood security index approach

This paper presents the status of sustainable livelihood security index (SLSI) of Karnataka, the most drought prone state in the Southern part of India. Computation of ecological security index, economic efficiency index and social equity index, and finally SLSI were carried out at the district level for the entire state, using empirical data. The selected indicators were first normalised, and then using estimated weights, indices were computed. The results indicate that the state has a very low SLSI with only 27.6% of total geographical area (TGA) and 21.7% of population being placed in the ‘sustainable’ and ‘highly sustainable’ categories (covering 10 districts) while only 34% of the TGA covering six districts falls in the ‘moderately sustainable’ category. The remaining area, confined mostly to the northern parts of the state, comprising 14 districts (51.8% of the state’s TGA) is categorised as ‘less sustainable’ and ‘very less sustainable’ exposing 44.4% (27.14 million) of state’s population to the perils of uncertain rainfall, high soil erosion rates, high social inequality and poor resource use efficiency. There is an urgent need to reorient development programmes and prioritise development investments in these vulnerable districts so that they are provided resources and opportunities to improve their ecological (more forest cover and less soil erosion), economic (higher agricultural productivity) and social (improved health and education facilities and rural infrastructure) status and achieve sustainable levels of livelihood.     

日光温室黄瓜低温冷害风险评估技术研究

基于人工气候箱和大田试验观测结果,探讨了日光温室黄瓜生产低温冷害气象指标确定技术,将冬季黄瓜生产低温冷害分为无灾、轻灾、中灾和重灾4个等级,利用层次分析法和GIS技术,对日光温室黄瓜生产低温冷害综合风险进行评估.结果表明,山东省各级冷害出现日数随着低温冷害程度的加重呈减少的趋势,但区域间存在一定差异.鲁北、鲁西北北部、鲁中北部以及半岛内陆地区遭受低温冷害风险较高,半岛东部沿海、鲁西南、鲁南及鲁东南沿海区域风险较低,其他地区属于中度风险.     

镉胁迫对吊兰生长与土壤酶活性的影响

选用观赏植物吊兰进行盆栽试验,研究了吊兰对Cd的耐性、高浓度Cd胁迫对土壤酶活性以及土壤有效态Cd含量的影响.结果表明,随着Cd浓度的不断提高,脲酶活性显著下降.过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性在Cd浓度为10 mg.kg-1的时候均达到了顶峰,而土壤磷酸酶活性则在Cd浓度为50 mg.kg-1的时候最大.4种土壤酶对重金属的敏感顺序为:脲酶>磷酸酶>蔗糖酶>过氧化氢酶.吊兰对Cd具有很强的耐性,在1500 mg.kg-1Cd胁迫浓度范围内,吊兰对Cd的耐性指数均大于50%.土壤有效态Cd与土壤Cd添加量和土壤酶活性呈显著相关性,可将土壤有效态Cd含量和土壤酶活性这两类指标作为镉污染土壤的评价指标.     

中国市域旅游综合吸引力指数评价

论文以中国338个市域作为旅游客源地和旅游目的地,测算其旅游吸引力指数。以南京市为例,通过GIS空间可视化并分别划分出5个等级旅游目的地及旅游客源地。结果发现南京不同等级旅游目的地呈距离衰减规律,但同时出现区位跨越现象;南京旅游客源地总体上亦呈现距离衰减规律,但也出现远距离客源地等级甚至比近距离客源地等级要高的现象。笔者把吸引指数模型逆思维推演测算出了中国城市总吸引指数排名,并以可达性为基础,根据旅游目的地城市总吸引指数和旅游规模排名位序是否一致划分出中国城市旅游的发展程度现状10种类型,为城市旅游发展提供比较参考。     

简易垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险评价

对简易垃圾填埋场污染地下水的风险进行评价是开展地下水保护的重要手段. 基于对简易垃圾填埋场污染地下水的系统结构分析,构建了包括填埋场危险性、评价对象暴露性、包气带抗污性、含水层脆弱性以及地下水危害性等影响因素的地下水污染风险评价指标体系,确定了各评价指标的取值依据和取值范围(为1~10),采用层次分析(AHP)法确定了各评价指标的权重,并建立了综合指数风险评价模型. 以北天堂简易垃圾填埋场对北京市水源四厂地下水污染的风险评价为例,对该风险评价模型进行了验证. 结果表明,北天堂简易垃圾填埋场对北京市水源四厂地下水污染风险指数为7.455 6,污染风险等级较高,与有关研究结果相符,证实所建立的地下水污染的综合指数风险评价模型与指标体系合理.