近50年东北地区春玉米干旱的时空演变特征

利用东北地区70个气象站点1960-2007年间的逐日气象资料,计算了作物水分亏缺指数(CWDI)并划分了干旱等级;利用ArcGIS软件,绘制了东北地区春玉米种植区的干旱等级时空分布图,对各个年代和生育期的玉米干旱灾害时空分布特征和演变趋势进行了分析。结果表明:在春玉米生长季内,玉米的需水量与降水量均呈现先增加后减少的变化趋势7,月下旬达到峰值,在4-6月和9月份水分亏缺指数(CWDI)值较高,易引起玉米发生干旱。     

自然灾害强度的评估方法及应用——基于综合灾情指数的研究

自然灾害造成的损失通常表现在多个方面,为了客观、全面地评估自然灾害,需要综合考虑多种灾情因素,最终才能得到灾害的总体评估结果。综合灾情指数(SDI)是对一系列灾情评价因子进行归一化、加权求和,这样得到的定量化的灾害评估指数,能够综合反映灾情信息。阐述了具有通用性的综合灾情指数,并设计开发了综合灾情指数工具,该工具包括评价因子、设置权重、规范化灾情指数和综合灾情指数4个模块。以汶川地震为例,利用综合灾情指数工具,对地震重灾区的灾害强度进行了综合评估。通过分析评估结果,综合灾情指数的分布真实地反映了受灾的严重程度,显示出该工具具有较好的实用性和有效性。     

吉林省城市干旱缺水风险评价体系与模型研究

以吉林省地级城市为研究对象,从造成城市干旱缺水的致灾因子危险性,承灾体的暴露性、脆弱性和防旱抗旱能力四个方面着手,利用自然灾害指数法、加权综合评价法和层次分析法,建立了城市干旱缺水风险评价模型,引用城市干旱缺水风险指数(UDRI),对城市干旱缺水风险程度进行了评价,并借助GIS技术绘制了吉林省城市干旱缺水风险分布图,以期为实现吉林省水资源可持续利用、保障区域经济可持续发展和老工业基地改造战略实施提供科学依据.     

东北玉米热量指数预测方法研究(Ⅰ)——热量指数与玉米产量

利用东北地区典型站点1961-2005年气象资料和东北3省1961-2005年玉米产量资料,计算分析了东北不同地区玉米热量指数的变化趋势以及与产量的关系。结果表明：受气候变暖的影响,辽宁省热量指数出现下降的趋势,而吉林省和黑龙江省的热量指数出现显著升高的趋势,气候变暖对吉林省和黑龙江省玉米生产有有利的影响。热量指数较好地反映了玉米产量与环境温度的相关关系。因此,可通过对玉米热量指数的预测进行农作物低温冷害预测,为农业生产防灾减灾提供决策依据。     

中国雨日变化趋势的分形研究

利用1951-2002年中国752个台站的雨日资料,运用分形理论和R/S分析法,研究并预测了中国五大降水区年雨日的气候变化趋势.研究表明:中国五大降水区未来的年雨日变化趋势与过去50a的变化有着很好的自相似性.为了更深入研究雨日的未来的变化,设计了两项Hurst指数试验,用两项试验结果与年雨日年际变化趋势的对应关系来推断未来的变化趋势及其转折与突变.结果表明:中国五大降水区年雨日有着一致的减少趋势,但其变化呈现显著的地域分异特征.依照五大降水区的气候倾向率,西北区、西南区、青藏高原区、东部北方区、东部南方区未来平均每10a雨日减少分别为4.1d,11.4d,3.7d,6.8d和5.9d,其中西南区年雨日减少最多.期间,中国五大降水区虽有气候变化的转折,但不存在雨日气候变化的突变点.     

Human risk assessment of As,Cd, Cu and Zn in the abandoned metal mine site

The cancer risk and the non-cancer hazard index for inhabitants exposed to As, Cd, Cu and Zn in the soils and stream waters of the abandoned Songcheon Au–Ag mine area were evaluated. Mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in agricultural soils were 230, 2.5, 120, 160, and 164 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Mean concentrations of As, Cd and Zn of the water in the stream where drinking water was drawn was 246 μg L⁻¹, 161 μg L⁻¹ and 3899 μg L⁻¹, respectively. These levels are significantly higher than the permissible levels for drinking water quality recommended by Korea and WHO. The resulting human health risks to farmers who inhabited the surrounding areas due to drinking water were summarized as follows: (1) the non-cancer health hazard indices showed that the toxic risk due to As and Cd in drinking water were 10 and 4 times, respectively, greater than those induced by the safe average daily dosages of the respective chemicals. (2) the cancer risk of As for exposed individuals through the drinking water pathway was 5 in 1000, exceeded the acceptable risk of 1 in 10,000 set for regulatory purposes.     

环境保护最佳实用技术评价筛选方法的应用

应用层次分析法（ＡＨＰ法）提出了环境保护最佳实用技术的综合评价系统。并对南京地区的电镀废水治理技术进行了评价，评价结论与实际情况较吻合。     

生态文明阈值和绿值二步测度:指标-指数耦合链方法

拟破解生态文明测度和评价的现存难题:在指标选取方面,评价目标模糊,指标筛选的主观性强,缺乏结构化方法,导致指标泛化,与一般环境经济评价混淆;在测度标尺方面,无法确定生态文明阈值,对不同文明阶段用同一把尺子去衡量,导致一些非生态文明区域的排名反而靠前;在应用价值方面,综合指标值失去生态经济意义,只是一个抽象的排名数字,导致测度结果不便于理解和运用。为此,依据文明演化的共生理论创立指标-指数耦合链方法,用以导出生态文明测度的阈值和绿值二步指数。依次运用扎根理论法、PSIR及SEM结构模型、足迹家族法、Lotka-Volterra模型等工具,构建从生态文明的指标体系到二步指数的结构化耦合链。全过程始终聚焦生态文明的本质属性——产业与生态的互利共生性:以定性科学属性为出发点,以人与自然复合系统的结构模型为纽带,以生态文明阈值和绿值二步指数定量模型为归宿点。其中,阈值用产业受力指数、生态受力指数和共生度指数3项指数进行衡量,合称为阈值指数;而绿值用1项综合反映区域产业与生态的总量、共生程度和均衡程度的绿值指数进行衡量。据此进行区域生态文明的二步测度。第一步,基于阈值指数的阶段或资格判定:通过产业与生态的共生性,考量被测区域是否进入生态文明门槛,"未入门"区域处于哪一个文明阶段。第二步,基于绿值指数的水平判定:通过产业与生态的互利共生程度,考量"入门"区域的生态文明水平。研究表明,指标-指数耦合链方法不仅可以有效克服单纯指标体系综合法或指数函数法的缺陷和难点,而且能够将两者的长处结合起来。如此,不仅能够避免生态文明测度结果与物质文明"成正比"的弊端,而且能够通过从生态文明二步指数回溯至指标体系的逆向解耦,分析出导致生态文明问题的根本原因,便于提出切中肯綮的对策。     

Dominance based fuzzy decision support framework for g-resilient (ecosilient) supplier selection: an empirical modelling

A novel decision support framework has been proposed herein to solve supplier selection problems by considering green as well as resiliency criteria, simultaneously. An expert team involving a finite number of Decision-Makers (DMs) is to be employed to obtain degree of importance of each of the evaluation criteria and also to assign an appropriate rating for each supplier alternative with respect to the criteria. Since subjective human judgment often bears some sort of ambiguity as well as vagueness, application of fuzzy set theory can be recommended in this context. The present work represents a dominance based decision support system in the light of fuzzy set theory which is basically a simplified version of TODIM and PROMETHEE. It explores dominance between two alternatives with respect to a particular criterion, based on which a global dominance measure is computed to facilitate ranking order of candidate suppliers. The approach proposed in this research seems straightforward which can exclude complex and tedious computational steps of TODIM as well as PROMETHEE. Application potential of the proposed dominance based fuzzy decision-making approach has been compared to that of Fuzzy-TOPSIS and Fuzzy-VIKOR. Good agreement has been observed. In addition to this, the concept of a unique performance index i.e. ‘g-resilient’ (also called ‘ecosilient’) index has been introduced to help in assessing suppliers’ overall performance extent. The work has also been extended to identify the ill (poor)-performing areas in which suppliers are lagging and seek further improvement towards enhancing g-resilient performance level.     

中国FDI区位选择的时空格局演进及影响因素分析

随着中国改革开放的深化和经济全球化的加剧,以全球经济首要“推动者与塑造者”的跨国公司为主体的外商直接投资（FDI）成为中国经济增长和区域发展不平衡的重要催化剂。引入空间自相关和空间自回归模型,用面板数据研究了1995～2009年中国FDI时空集聚特征及其动因。结果表明：各省份实际利用FDI的过程存在较强的空间自相关性,且相关性日渐增强。从总量上来看,仍主要集中在上海、广东、江苏等东部沿海经济发达地区,但是从增速来看,呈现向沿江的重庆、四川等投资条件相对较好的中西部内陆省份转移的趋势。从局部上看,呈现由外资集聚程度较高的省份向周边相邻省份扩散的趋势。空间滞后回归模型也进一步印证了空间依赖性对FDI区位选择的重要影响