湿地可持续发展与经济损益的理论分析

文章分析了中国湿地可持续发展的基本内涵和人为干扰的限制因子，建立了湿地人为干扰破坏损益分析技术路线，提出了经济损益分析理论模型及损益度计量模型。     

生态安全弹性与生态安全"倒U"曲线

文章从生态安全的研究现状入手,根据生态系统和人类社会系统之间的主要关系,论述了生态安全弹性和安全"倒U"曲线理论.生态安全弹性能够反映安全系数、安全阈值、干扰程度三者的关系,由它来判断人类向生态系统索取自然资源的活动更具有预测性、可操作性,并能保证生态系统自身也处于可持续发展的良性状态.     

广州与上海城市生态系统能值的分析比较

利用能值分析理论和方法,从自然—社会—经济复合生态观角度对广州和上海的各种生态流进行比较研究。结果表明上海的经济发达程度、居民的能值福利和环境压力都比广州的高,广州在自然可更新资源和人口承载量方面明显优于上海,具有更大的可持续发展潜力。从能值理论和可持续发展角度分析,广州应加强科技力量和提高自然资源的利用效率,上海应在控制人口的基础上探讨更合理的发展模式。     

岩溶生态系统中土壤微生物量氮含量及其变化规律

选择果树园和林地两种土地利用类型来研究土壤微生物量氮(Soil microbial biomass nitrogen,SMBN)含量及其与土壤溶解有机氮(Soil dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)、碱解氮的关系。结果表明:SMBN含量范围在5.33~34.61kg·hm-2之间,平均为14.81kg·hm-2,仅为文献中报道的SMBN的3%~37%。SMBN占土壤全氮的比例较小,为0.25%~1.5%,平均为0.754%。SMBN与DON及土壤有机碳等指标变化趋势一致。SMBN易矿化,与碱解氮关系密切,但由于岩溶山区这种特殊的生态环境,使得这种关系不像文献中报道的呈极强的正相关关系,这对于研究岩溶区特定条件下SMBN的变化以及对当地的土地利用类型有一定的参考价值和现实意义。     

Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network's Proposed Core Monitoring Variables: An Early Warning of Environmental Change

This article reports on the evaluation of existing ecologicalmonitoring variables from a variety of sources to select a suiteof core variables suitable for monitoring at the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN) sites located acrossCanada. The purpose of EMAN is to promote the acquisition of relevant and consistent data that can be used to report on national trends and provide an early warning of ecosystem change. Existing monitoring variables were evaluated in twosteps. In the first step, three primary criteria were used to pre-screen preliminary variables. In the second step, a moredetailed evaluation considered twenty criteria based on dataquality, applicability, data collection methods, data analysisand interpretation, existing data and programs, and cost effectiveness to select a draft set of core monitoring variables(CMV). An ecological framework was developed to organize the CMVin a manner that permitted a gap analysis to confirm the CMV assessed a wide range of relevant environment components. Thesuite of CMV were then tested to determine their effectiveness in detecting ecosystem change caused by stressors with ecosystemresponses that have been well documented in the literature. Thisproject is part of a process lead by Environment Canada to select CMV to detect and track ecosystem change at EMAN sites. It is anticipated that the proposed CMV will undergo future discussion and development leading to the final selection of asuite of CMV for use at EMAN sites.     

基于熵权灰靶生态系统服务价值模型的土地利用规划环境影响评价——以晋城市为例

生态系统服务功能价值法是土地利用规划环境影响评价中应用较为广泛的方法之一,然而其存在不同研究区域之间可比性较弱的问题,为增强可比性,本次研究引入灰靶理论及熵权理论,构建了熵权灰靶生态系统服务价值模型,并将其应用于山西省晋城市之中.结果表明,在规划目标年,晋城市下辖各区县中,城区、高平市、阳城县、泽州县、陵川县及沁水县的靶心度分别为0.3354、0.3913、0.4962、0.5020、0.5521及1.0000,进而基于上述结果,对晋城市下辖各区县提出了差异化的土地利用意见建议.本次研究成果从理论研究与实际工作方面都对晋城市及其它地区土地利用规划环境影响评价提供了一定的参考.     

基于信息熵和GM(1,1)的上海市城市生态系统演化分析与灰色预测

城市生态系统是典型的"自然-社会-经济系统",城市的可持续发展依托于城市生态系统结构和功能的不断协调与完善.新一轮"城市化"进程中,城市生态系统将面临生态用地减少、环境衰退等诸多挑战,生态环境和经济发展之间的矛盾可能日益突出.因此,把握城市生态系统的演化方向,对于促进城市可持续发展和生态文明建设意义重大.本研究以"国际化大都市"上海市为研究对象,运用"耗散结构理论"和"信息熵"分析模型,构建包括支持型输入熵、压力型输出熵、氧化型代谢熵、还原型代谢熵4方面的"上海市城市生态系统演化指标体系",以统计资料和政府公报为数据来源,对上海市2003—2013年的城市生态系统演化进行了熵变分析;基于集成层次分析法(AHP)和熵权法(EVM)"综合赋权"的"综合发展度"和"协调发展度"模型对城市生态系统可持续发展状况进行了评价;采用"相关分析法"对城市生态系统熵变与可持续发展协同演化过程进行量化分析;并引入GM(1,1)灰色预测模型对上海市城市生态系统(2014—2020)年的演化趋势和方向做出了预测.研究得出以下结论:12003—2013年,上海市城市生态系统"熵流、熵产生和总熵变",均整体呈波动下降趋势.上海市城市生态系统有序度不断提高,总体朝健康态势发展.22003—2013年,上海市城市生态系统总体可持续发展态势良好,不断向健康可持续方向演进;环境与经济整体效益不断提高,但环境与经济发展之间的协调能力近年来有所下降.3上海市城市生态系统(2014—2020)期间的演化趋势预测:城市生态系统整体继续向健康、有序方向演进.城市生态系统可持续发展整体保持协调发展态势,但未来发展协调度可能从"初级协调"衰退为"勉强协调".最后,基于指标"熵权"和熵变时序提出了上海市城市生态系统的针对性优化措施:积极扶持城市生态农业发展,扩大进出口贸易规模,促进娱乐教育文化服务产业增长;进一步提高居民生态环保意识,提倡低碳生活;加强工业"三废"的达标排放,提高资源利用率,巩固城市绿化率,加大环保投资规模.本研究旨在为上海市城市生态系统健康可持续发展和优化调控提供一定的科学参考.     

白马湖生态系统服务功能评估研究

采用价值核算法,筛选评估指标项目,构建评估指标体系,通过评估模型,对江苏省淮安市白马湖基年期和现期的生态服务价值、湖库生态服务损失价值及其变化程度进行考察分析,评估生态服务功能状况.从白马湖生态系统服务指数看,物质生产和环境调节服务功能指数较高,说明白马湖生态系统保护较好;生命支持服务功能和旅游资源服务功能指数较低,说明服务功能没有完全发挥,还有待适度开发.建议以发展生态旅游为主,同时尽量保护白马湖生态系统环境.     

How multilateral financial institutions promote sustainable water infrastructure planning through economic appraisal: case studies from coastal cities of China

Sustainable urban water infrastructure planning is vital for all cities in developing countries, where rapid urbanization has exacerbated the increasingly burdened environment. Water sustainability is a prerequisite for economic growth, social equity, and living quality in urban areas. This paper documents the current challenges and summarizes the solutions adopted in water infrastructure planning and management. Then, case studies of how multilateral financial institutions have promoted sustainable water infrastructure planning through economic appraisal and the novel approaches adopted for sustainable water infrastructure planning and asset management, are presented for the three cities of Jiaozhou, Cixi, and Fangchenggang. Conclusions are made based on the comparison and analysis of the experiences drawn from the case studies of how economic analysis could help promote sustainable water infrastructure planning and management. It is illustrated that economic analysis that considers ecosystem services supply should be employed more in water infrastructure planning, operation, and management in China.