东江流域生态系统服务价值变化研究

从生态系统的类型、质量和功能的时空变化出发,利用遥感和地理信息系统技术,结合市场价值法、影子工程法、机会成本法等方法,并在全面考虑各类型生态系统服务功能和基础数据可获得性的基础上,对东江流域的生态系统服务价值进行科学评估,揭示生态系统服务价值的时空变化特征。结果表明:2000-2008年东江流域生态系统服务总价值呈减少趋势,且除水域外,其余生态系统的单位面积生态服务价值均为2008年比2000年有所减少,说明流域生态系统的质量呈下降趋势。林地的单位面积生态服务价值2004-2008年的年均减少率大于2000-2004年,反映了流域森林资源的质量加速下降的状况;从空间上看,虽然上中游单位面积的生态系统服务价值大于下游,但上游单位面积生态系统服务价值减少得比较剧烈。     

放牧,草原生态系统存在的基本方式——兼论放牧的转型

放牧是国内外普遍运用的土地管理的基本手段,至今全球陆地大约半数以上处于放牧管理之下。但受传统农耕文化的影响,我国当前对放牧管理系统存在很多误解,尤其是把草原的生态恶化、牧区贫困、文化落后都归罪于草原放牧,导致禁牧盛行。从放牧的基本内涵看,当前我国草原所面临的问题,不在放牧本身,而是对放牧认识的不足和放牧管理的缺陷,割裂了人居-草地-畜群之间的联系。从历史角度看,放牧做出了巨大贡献。而随着社会和科技的进步,放牧历经原始游牧期、放牧转型期与放牧现代化时期三阶段。西方发达国家在20世纪30年代就实现了放牧的现代化转型。畜牧业现代化的核心是以人居-草地-畜群放牧系统单元为内核的划区轮牧。划区轮牧是一种开放的农业技术体系,具有多种方式,适应于不同的农业系统,可兼顾生态与生产的需求,是草地放牧管理的重大进步。为了实现草原生态系统的生态和经济双重效应,我国畜牧业应该尽快实现草原管理和放牧的现代化转型。这是我国草地畜牧业现代化的必经之路,也是现代农业的必要内涵。     

藏北草地生态系统可持续发展能力评价

藏北草地是我国重要的畜牧业生产基地和生态安全屏障。然而,草地退化引发了一系列的生态、经济、环境和社会问题,不仅直接威胁到我国的生态屏障安全和当地的畜牧业生产,而且严重影响着藏北草地生态系统的可持续发展。研究以藏北那曲地区为例,利用复合生态系统场方法,构建了以生态功能、生产功能和生活功能为基础的可持续发展评价指标体系和模型,并通过对1985-2008年那曲地区草地生态系统的发展变化分析,定量评价了草地生态系统的可持续发展能力。评价结果表明,藏北那曲草地生态系统的发展位已超过了系统的最大承载能力,发展势缺乏潜能,协调性较差,可持续发展度很低,草地生态系统处于不可持续的发展状态。     

Materialphilia,biophilia, and sustainable use of the planet

SUMMARY

The intricate and complex relationships between transhumant pastoralists, livestock and environment at the high altitudes of Indian Central Himalaya has started to break down at an alarming rate. Some of the important factors attributed to this are depletion of grazing resources, commercialization of the rural economy, and integration of these communities with the mainstream of development through education and employment. Traditionally these livestock were assigned different roles in society depending upon their economic benefit and utility. The roles which once depended upon attitude to various risks, such as environmental, social and economic, have lost their significance due to changing of the production process. This paper gives an overview of the various types of roles the livestock played in the transhumant society, and how they are being replaced by the developmental process in the region, and whether the changes are sustainable for such remote regions in a developing country.     

Public attitudes and perceptions to the West-to-East Pipeline Project and ecosystem management in large project construction

Ecosystem management addresses transboundary, interdisciplinary and multiparty issues from an ecosystem perspective. In this regard, public participation of ecosystem management is particularly important for achieving a successful outcome. However, public attitudes and perceptions on ecosystem management in project construction are often ignored in the developing countries. Large project construction in China is booming, for example, oil/gasoline pipelines, water diversion projects, highway networks and high-speed railway networks. These projects may have important impacts on China's economy, as well as ecosystems. The perception of local people on these projects is crucial for their safe fulfilment. In this paper, the West-to-East Pipeline Project (WEPP), a large project in China built in 2004 to transport gas from the north-west to the south-east, was used as a case study to examine public participation and perceptions on ecosystem management. Field interviews were conducted in the summer of 2005 for data collection, and logistic regression models were used for data analysis. Modelling results show that public attitudes to WEPP construction are closely related to education, occupation and place of residence. Generally, interviewees with higher education and more involvement in WEPP have a positive attitude. However, local people have a poor understanding of ecological restoration and ecosystem management. For safe implementation of WEPP, some adjunct projects are required to improve the local economy and ecosystem functions, and different economic compensation schemes should be designed for stakeholders by region. Additionally, development strategies, such as offering part-time jobs, education and training to local farmers, are necessary to change attitudes and improve awareness on ecosystem management. It is also important to strengthen public participation in the early stages of project construction.     

Assessment of the erosion control function of forest ecosystems based on GIS: a case study in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park,China

Erosion control is one of the most important functions of forest ecosystems, and its accurate assessment is useful to illuminate the importance of forest ecosystem services for humans so as to rationally conserve forest resources. This paper examines Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, the first national forest park in China, to seek practical methods for assessment of the forest erosion control function using a geographical information system (GIS). The results show that the potential and actual amounts of soil erosion are 2.92 million ton and 0.14 million ton per year, respectively, in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park. The total reduction in soil loss reaches 2.77 million ton per year with the existence of a forest ecosystem. The erosion control function of near mature, mature and over mature broadleaf forest is excellent, and natural forest conservation and natural restoration of the degraded forest ecosystem can provide the largest benefits in soil erosion control. Nearly all the near mature, mature and over-mature forest in the park is at the top and in steep mountain areas, and could be rationally cut and utilized by local communities, but extensive timber felling should be strictly prohibited.     

海州湾生态系统健康诊断

根据开敞海湾浅海生态系统特征,构建了包含环境现状、环境风险、环境背景、系统结构功能和系统稳定性5类诊断指标以及24个诊断因子的浅海生态系统健康诊断指标体系,并采用层次分析法对海州湾浅海生态系统2009年12月和2010年11月的健康状况进行诊断.结果表明,2009年12月和2010年11月海州湾浅海生态系统的综合健康指数值分别为0.500～0.689和0.553～0.750,浅海生态系统处于亚健康～较健康状态,近岸海域基本处于亚健康状态,离岸海域基本处于较健康状态,近岸海域生态系统健康水平低于离岸海域,这与近岸海域开发活动干扰多以及环境压力大有关.     

湿地挺水植物凋落物立枯分解研究进展

在许多湿地生态系统中,挺水植物立枯常组成凋落物总量的主要部分,其分解过程研究对于正确评价湿地生态系统的碳收支状况具有重要意义。对立枯分解过程与传统研究中凋落物分解过程的差异,分解过程中的 CO2排放,立枯分解的研究方法,以及分解过程的影响因素进行了综述。一般认为,湿地挺水植物立枯与传统研究中凋落物所处环境的差异造成了分解过程的差异,其分解过程中产生 CO2是湿地温室气体排放的重要途径;凋落袋和红外气体分析仪是湿地挺水植物立枯分解研究的主要方法;真菌组成了立枯体上微生物的大部分,对于立枯分解具有重要作用;环境因子（温度、水分等）和“基质质量”是影响挺水植物立枯分解过程的重要因素。在全球变化背景下,气候变化因子会直接或间接影响凋落物立枯分解过程,引起对气候变化的反馈,因此,在全球范围内开展气候变化对于湿地生态系统挺水植物立枯分解影响的研究具有重要的意义,必将成为凋落物研究的一个重要方向。     

Feedbacks between conservation and social-ecological systems

Robust ways to meet objectives of environmental conservation and social and economic development remain elusive. This struggle may in part be related to insufficient understanding of the feedbacks between conservation initiatives and social-ecological systems, specifically, the ways in which conservation initiatives result in social changes that have secondary effects on the environments targeted by conservation. To explore this idea, we sampled peer-reviewed articles addressing the social and environmental dimensions of conservation and coded each paper according to its research focus and characterization of these feedbacks. The majority of articles in our sample focused either on the effect of conservation initiatives on people (e.g., relocation, employment) or the effect of people on the environment (e.g., fragmentation, conservation efficacy of traditional management systems). Few studies in our sample empirically addressed both the social dynamics resulting from conservation initiatives and subsequent environmental effects. In many cases, one was measured and the other was discussed anecdotally. Among the studies that describe feedbacks between social and environmental variables, there was more evidence of positive (amplifying) feedbacks between social and environmental outcomes (i.e., undesirable social outcomes yielded undesirable environmental effects and desirable social outcomes yielded desirable environmental effects). The major themes within the sampled literature include conflict between humans and wild animals, social movements, adaptive comanagement, loss of traditional management systems, traditional ecological knowledge, human displacement and risks to livelihoods, and conservation and development. The narratives associated with each theme can serve as hypotheses for facilitating further discussion about conservation issues and for catalyzing future studies of the feedbacks between conservation and social-ecological systems.     

森林土壤氧化（吸收）甲烷研究进展

甲烷是一种重要的温室气体,对全球气候变暖的贡献仅次于CO2,约为25%。大气甲烷可以被土壤中甲烷氧化细菌在有氧条件下吸收利用,陆地生态系统森林土壤氧化吸收甲烷的研究已有大量报道。甲烷氧化菌是以甲烷作为唯一的碳源和能源的一类细菌的总称。但森林土壤在全球甲烷核算中具有一定的不确定性,取决于产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的相对活性。甲烷氧化菌的研究集中在环境对氧化能力的影响和自身氧化能力上。大气甲烷氧化过程为高氧化能力低亲力氧化,受到一些因子,如土壤温度、土壤通气状况、pH、氮肥等的影响,具体机理的研究还有待进一步深入。土壤通气状况受土壤质地与土壤水分影响,土地利用类型可能改变土壤容重、土壤结构和土壤水分,进而影响土壤甲烷氧化。植物可以通过自身对生境的作用或化感作用影响土壤甲烷氧化。土壤动物的研究则相对较少,目前排放清单中仅有白蚁是全球甲烷核算所包括的。从甲烷氧化菌的分类出发,对甲烷氧化菌氧化甲烷的机理、菌的生态分布及甲烷氧化的影响因素、时空异质性、观测方法等作出了综述,为正确认识和准确预测森林土壤在一定气候和土地利用类型条件下的甲烷氧化强度提供理论依据。