Performance assessment of NAPL remediation in heterogeneous alluvium

Over the last few years, more than 40 partitioning interwell tracer tests (PITTs) have been conducted at many different sites to measure nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) saturations in the subsurface. While the main goal of these PITTs was to estimate the NAPL volume in the subsurface, some were specifically conducted to assess the performance of remedial actions involving NAPL removal. In this paper, we present a quantitative approach to assess the performance of remedial actions to recover NAPL that can be used to assess any NAPL removal technology. It combines the use of PITTs (to estimate the NAPL volume in the swept pore volume between injection and extraction wells of a test area) with the use of several cores to determine the vertical NAPL distribution in the subsurface. We illustrate the effectiveness of such an approach by assessing the performance of a surfactant/foam flood conducted at Hill Air Force Base, UT, to remove a TCE-rich NAPL from alluvium with permeability contrasts as high as one order of magnitude. In addition, we compare the NAPL volumes determined by the PITTs with volumes estimated through geostatistical interpolation of aquifer sediment core data collected with a vertical frequency of 5-10 cm and a lateral borehole spacing of 0.15 m. We demonstrate the use of several innovations including the explicit estimation of not only the errors associated with NAPL volumes and saturations derived from PITTs but also the heterogeneity of the aquifer sediments based upon permeability estimates. Most importantly, we demonstrate the reliability of the     

电-Fenton法处理页岩气压裂返排液

页岩气开发压裂返排液处理是近年的研究热点,本文采用电-Fenton氧化技术对压裂返排液絮凝出水进行深度处理研究,主要考察了H2O2投加量、pH值、电压和反应时间对COD去除效果的影响。通过正交实验和单因素影响实验,确定电-Fenton氧化处理絮凝出水的适宜条件为：H2O2投加量为40 mL·L-1、pH=3、电压6 V和反应时间60 min。在此条件下,出水COD为71.3 mg·L-1,COD去除率达到62.5%。实验结果表明化学絮凝-电-Fenton氧化是页岩气压裂返排液达标外排的一种适宜处理工艺。     

空气微生物研究方法进展与展望

着重论述了空气微生物气溶胶的研究方法,主要有培养基法和非培养基法。培养基法是传统的微生物研究方法,需要花费大量的时间和劳动力,只能够检测活的能够在培养基上生长的微生物,可以大致反映空气中的微生物气溶胶。非培养基法,主要是PCR法,具有敏感性高、快速、特异性强等特点,能够检测出环境样品中绝大多数的微生物,是一种微生物气溶胶检测的有效途径。最后指出实时持续的监测是将来空气微生物研究的努力方向和发展趋势。     

电气浮含油污水处理工艺工业性试验研究

电解气浮含油污水处理工艺是一种新型的污水处理技术。基于室内试验及现场小试的研究成果,对该技术进行了放大的工业性试验研究,设计了试验流程及装置,取得了阶段性的试验结果。研究结果表明,经电气浮处理后除油率最高可达89%,悬浮固体去除率最高为73%,最低为30%;杀菌率达到99.6%~100%,达到了电气浮除油的要求。电气浮含油污水处理工艺与其他含油污水处理工艺相比,药剂投加量为常规工艺的1/3,运行电耗为0.2 kW.h/m3,总的运行费用约为常规工艺的40%~60%。研究成果为电气浮工艺在石油化工废水处理中的广泛应用奠定了基础。     

中试条件下稻秸干法厌氧发酵搅拌方式的优化

针对秸秆类农业废弃物干法厌氧发酵过程中易产生物料分层、表面结垢以及存在“死角”等问题,通过改进横卧推流式中试厌氧反应器搅拌工艺,探索了连续运行条件下机械搅拌、前端气动搅拌和全程气动搅拌等3种单一搅拌方式对稻秸干法厌氧发酵产气规律、底物降解特性及系统稳定性的影响,并通过进一步设置不同的搅拌频次优化了机械搅拌和前端气动搅拌组合工艺,综合考察了发酵效率和能源消耗情况。结果表明,在单一搅拌工艺条件下,稻秸干法厌氧发酵40 d总产气量呈现出“机械搅拌>前端气动搅拌>全程气动搅拌”的规律,分别为75.5、66.5和61.9 m³,对应的单位VS产气量分别为441.9、389.3和362.3 L·kg⁻¹,这说明采用改进型框型叶片的机械搅拌可有效翻动物料,以促进其与发酵液的充分接触。在进一步优化“机械+前端气动”的组合搅拌工艺后发现,稻秸40 d产气量与单一机械搅拌模式较为接近,尤其是“机械搅拌(每天4次)+前端气动搅拌(每天4次)”的组合搅拌方式,单位VS产气量高达447.2 L·kg ⁻¹,纤维素和半纤维素降解率分别可达14.9%和15.1%;但从能源损耗角度来看,“机械搅拌(每天2次)+前端气动搅拌(每天4次)”的组合搅拌方式中能耗最低,仅为单一机械搅拌方式能耗的约40%。在稻秸干法厌氧发酵工程实际运行过程中,可根据厌氧发酵效率和能耗节省需求,因地制宜地选择合适的组合搅拌工艺。本研究结果可为木质纤维素类废弃物干法厌氧发酵工程中的搅拌方式改进提供参考。     

Transforming urban planning processes and outcomes through creative methods

Inclusively delivering the sustainable development goals (SDGs) remains challenging, particularly in urban areas, where some of the most pressing concerns exist. To achieve the transformative SDG agenda, new methods are required to overcome current deficits in engagement around inclusion and equitable outcomes. Evaluating against theories of governance and inclusion, we test a mixture of digital and physical creative methods abilities to deliver co-designed solutions that influence mobility and road safety planning outcomes in East African cities. Greater inclusion led to improved interactions of citizens with decision makers, and the identification of novel, practical solutions, delivering some elements of transformation. Risks include creative methods being used to co-opt communities to official agendas, and institutional planning norms needing to adapt to respond to a wider range of stakeholders. Overall, where risks are mitigated, we recommend that using Creative Methods could localise SDG delivery, ensuring more equitable and effective outcomes from infrastructure development investments.Supplementary InformationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01436-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

结晶沉淀-树脂吸附组合工艺回收黄连素废水中铜试验研究

通过多批次的小试试验考察了结晶沉淀-树脂吸附组合工艺对黄连素含铜废水的处理效果,并对产生的碱式氯化铜(TBCC)结晶沉淀进行X射线衍射(XRD)成分分析。结果表明:反应pH为7.0~9.0时,废水中超过99.9%的Cu ²⁺以碱式氯化铜结晶沉淀的形式得以回收,反应生成的碱式氯化铜沉淀通过水洗后,其成分符合GB/T 21696—2008《饲料添加剂 碱式氯化铜》质量标准。剩余的废水再经过树脂吸附工艺处理后,出水Cu ²⁺浓度小于1.0 mg/L。在小试试验的基础上,开展了中试试验研究,其结果进一步验证了小试试验的运行效果及该工艺的可行性。通过该处理工艺既可综合利用废水中的铜资源,又可将废水的pH由小于1调至大于7,有利于实现制药废水综合处理和达标排放。     

降温方式对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的影响

考察一次性降温和阶梯式降温对厌氧氨氧化反应器(ASBR)脱氮性能的影响。一次性降温方式（30 ℃降至15 ℃）,阶梯式降温方式（30 ℃降至25 ℃,再降至20 ℃,最后降至15 ℃）。温度30 ℃时,NH4+-N和NO2--N的去除率分别为97.3%和98.5%,总氮去除速率为5.12 mg·(g·h)-1,ΔNO2--N/ΔNH4+-N为1.33,厌氧氨氧化活性(SAA)为0.139 g·(g·d)-1。一次性降温至15 ℃时,NH4+-N和NO2--N的去除率分别降至47.9%和55.1%,总氮去除速率降至2.74 mg·(g·h)-1,ΔNO2--N/ΔNH4+-N升至1.51,SAA降至0.071 g·(g·d)-1。阶梯式降温至15 ℃时,NH4+-N和NO2--N的去除率降至51.6%和61.2%,总氮去除速率降至3.22 mg·(g·h)-1,ΔNO2--N/ΔNH4+-N升至1.48,SAA降为0.083 g·(g·d)-1。阶梯式降温方式脱氮性能更佳。     

公交车燃用B5生物柴油的非常规污染物排放特性及对区域大气污染物减排的作用

为推行区域大气污染联合防治并推广使用B5生物柴油,基于重型底盘测功机,采用C-WTVC循环,对比研究满足国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ排放标准的柴油公交车分别燃用国Ⅴ柴油、京Ⅵ柴油和B5生物柴油时的非常规污染物排放特性。结果表明：相比京Ⅵ柴油在采用B5生物柴油后,在不同耐久里程下的所有样车整体上的1,3-C4H6排放因子平均降低20.53%;C6H6排放因子平均降低7.67%;C7H8排放因子平均降低11.22%;HCHO排放因子平均降低14.92%;SO2排放因子平均降低6.09%。实验证明城市公交车在燃用B5生物柴油后的非常规污染物排放均降低。城市公交车推广使用B5生物柴油可有效净化大气质量,对区域大气污染物减排有着重要意义。     

Pulmonary Functions of Welders in Gas Transmission Pipelines in Iran

This study evaluated the influence of welding on pulmonary functions in welders. Spirometry tests were performed before and after work shift in 91 welders and 25 clerks (control group). We examined forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio and forced expiratory flow 25%-75% (FEF 25–75). Significant differences were found for FVC and FEV1/FVC between welders and the control group in pre- and post-shift measurements (p < .001). In welders, smoking and nonsmoking habit had no significant effects on any pulmonary indices before or after shift. Work experience and fume concentrations also had no significant effects on the majority of spirometric indices (p > .05). Most welders had at least 1 of the respiratory symptoms. Significant differences were found between pre- and post-shift indices (as percentage of predicted values calculated with spirometer) and between the welders engaged in some welding tasks and the control group before work shift. This study documented work-related changes in pulmonary functions in the welders and marked drops in these functions without symptoms in some welders.