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871.
Bioassessment of nonwadeable streams in the United States is increasing, but methods for these systems are not as well-developed as for wadeable streams. In this study, we compared six macroinvertebrate field sampling methods for nonwadeable streams adapted from those used by three major programs: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program-Surface Waters, the U.S. Geological Surveys National Water Quality Assessment Program, and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Surface Water Biocriteria Program. We performed all six methods at 60 sites across four rivers and measured water chemistry and physical habitat at each site to assess abiotic conditon. Sites were divided into two groups: those influenced by navigational lock and dam structures (restricted flow, or RF) and those free-flowing or with lowhead dams (run-of-the-river, or ROR). Metrics based on passive Hester-Dendy artificial substrate samplers differed greatly from active sampling methods (i.e., using nets) but represented abiotic conditions well in both ROR and RF sites. Although metric values were similar across certain sampling methods, the metrics significantly correlated with abiotic variables varied among methods and between ROR and RF sites. These results emphasize that methods are not interchangeable, and the ability to detect certain stressors depends on sampling method.The U.S. Governments right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged. 相似文献
872.
We tested whether the semi-automatic program CROCO can replace visual assessments of slides to detect changes in defoliation assessment methods. We randomly selected a series of slides of 24 Norway spruce trees with 220 field assessments made between 1986 and 1995. The slides had been randomly arranged and assessed by three experts without knowledge of the tree number or the year when the slide was taken. Defoliation scores were computed with CROCO. Each tree had thus three different defoliation scores, field assessments, photo assessments and CROCO scores.CROCO scores were less correlated with the field assessments (Spearmans rank correlation: 0.67) than were the slide assessments with the field assessments (0.79–0.83). However, CROCO was not biased against the field scores, while slide assessments systematically underestimated defoliation.In a multi-variate mixed effect model none of the variables tree overlap, tree visibility and light conditions was significant in explaining differences between slide assessors and CROCO scores. The same model applied for the differences from the field scores yielded significant effects for poor light conditions (CROCO and all assessors), for crown overlap (CROCO and one assessor) and for visibility (one assessor). We conclude, therefore, that CROCO can be used to detect past and future changes in assessment methods without bias if poor quality photographs are avoided. 相似文献
873.
Dedecker AP Goethals PL D'heygere T Gevrey M Lek S De Pauw N 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,111(1-3):223-241
This study aimed at analysing the relationship between river characteristics and abundance of Gammarus pulex. To this end, four methods which can identify the relative contribution and/or the contribution profile of the input variables
in neural networks describing the habitat preferences of this species were compared: (i) the ‘PaD‘ (‘Partial Derivatives‘)
method consists of a calculation of the partial derivatives of the output in relation to the input variables; (ii) the ‘Weights‘method
is a computation using the connection weights of the backpropagation Artificial Neural Networks; (iii) the ‘Perturb‘method
analyses the effect of a perturbation of the input variables on the output variable; (iv) the ‘Profile‘ method is a successive
variation of one input variable while the others are kept constant at a fixed set of values. The dataset consisted of 179
samples, collected over a three-year period in the Zwalm river basin in Flanders, Belgium. Twenty-four environmental variables
as well as the log-transformed abundance of Gammarus pulex were used in this study. The different contribution methods gave similar results concerning the order of importance of the
input variables. Moreover, the stability of the methods was confirmed by gradually removing variables. Only in a limited number
of cases a shift in the relative importance of the remaining input variables could be observed. Nevertheless, differences
in sensitivity and stability of the methods were detected, probably as a result of the different calculation procedures. In
this respect, the ‘PaD‘method made a more severe discrimination between minor and major contributing environmental variables
in comparison to the ‘Weights‘, ‘Profile‘ and ‘Perturb‘ methods. From an ecological point of view, the input variables ‘Ammonium‘
and to a smaller extent ‘COD‘, were selected by these methods as dominant river characteristics for the prediction of the
abundance of Gammarus pulex in this study area. 相似文献
874.
875.
--The micronucleus(MCN) test of
Vicia faba root tip cell 相似文献
876.
准确求出地下水污染物迁移的水动力参数,是成功预防并控制地下水污染的重要基础。该文将复形调优法运用于弥散实验中地下水溶质水动力参数的确定,并与其他方法进行比较。结果表明,复形调优法仅需一个观测井的监测资料即可,且计算简便、结果可信,这对提高野外弥散实验的成功率及经济性具一定的积极意义。 相似文献
877.
县域土地复垦潜力分析方法研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
以山西省潞城市为研究区域,对土地复垦潜力补充调查、适宜性评价、潜力分级和其测算与分析方法、潜力的构成进行了研究。结果表明:在土地利用现状调查成果的基础上,进行待复垦土地资源数量、质量、分布调查,并将指数和法与适宜性调查相结合进行适宜性评价,用潜力系数进行潜力级别划分,是县域土地复垦潜力研究的有效方法。 相似文献
878.
879.
关于大学生如何扩大英语词汇量的初步探讨 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
区颖 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2005,15(1):108-111
对于大学生来说扩大英语词汇量是至关重要的.如何使大学生快速地扩大词汇量是教师和学生共同关心的问题.本文在心理学和学习方法两方面对词汇的积累进行了探讨,发现记忆单词与学习的动机及兴趣密切相关,而且还要在众多扩充词汇量的方法中找出适合个人特点的几种加以综合应用,只要坚持不懈必会在词汇量上有所突破. 相似文献
880.