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961.
Emergency seed aid in Kenya: some case study insights on lessons learned during the 1990s 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sperling L 《Disasters》2002,26(4):329-342
This article reviews the effectiveness of seed-aid distributions in Kenya during the 1990s. It analyses the internal process and effects, i.e. the performance of the aid itself as well as the external process and effects, i.e. how seed-aid intervention affected farmers' broader agricultural management strategies. During the drought emergency of 1997, Kenyan farmers favourably judged many of the immediate seed-aid features such as crop and variety appropriateness and seed quality--even through the overarching goals of the seed assistance were muddled, ranging from assistance to the poor, to generalised gift-giving to stimulating progressive farming practice. However, the longer term analyses, drawn from recollections of a decade of relief activity, showed no concrete evidence that seed aid, per se, had strengthened their farming systems, nor that those who have received it once were less likely to receive it again. Thus, while seed aid has been promoted to lessen the effects of an 'acute' stress, drought, Kenyan farmers, in practice, have been experiencing much wider, 'chronic' seed system problems. This article ends by exploring this distinction between acute and chronic seed system stress and suggests a range of interventions appropriate to each. 相似文献
962.
Methods for life cycle assessment of products (LCA) are most often based on the general prevention principle, as opposed to the risk minimization principle. Here, the desirability and feasibility of a combined approach are discussed, along with the conditions for elaboration in the framework of LCA methodology, and the consequences for LCA practice. A combined approach provides a separate assessment of above and below threshold pollution, offering the possibility to combat above threshold impacts with priority. Spatial differentiation in fate, exposure, and effect modelling is identified to play a central role in the implementation. The collection of region-specific data turns out to be the most elaborate requirement for the implementation in both methodology and practice. A methodological framework for the construction of characterization factors is provided. Along with spatial differentiation of existing parameters, two newly introduced spatial parameters play a key role: the sensitivity factor and the threshold factor. The practicability of the proposed procedure is illustrated by an example of its application. Providing a reasonable data availability, the development of separate LCA characterization factors for the respective assessment of pollution levels above and below environmental threshold values seems to be a feasible task that may add to LCA credibility. 相似文献
963.
964.
965.
Status of recycling end-of-life vehicles and efforts to reduce automobile shredder residues in Korea
Hyun-Tae Joung Sung-Jin Cho Yong-Chil Seo Woo-Hyun Kim 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(2):159-166
The present end-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycle rate and management status during the dismantling stage were investigated to
aid the establishment of policies for the management of ELVs by surveying information and using the results gained from questionnaires
given to dismantlers. The average recycle rate at the dismantling stage was 44% of the mass of a new vehicle and the rest
of the ELV was then compressed and transported to shredding companies to recover mainly the iron content, which averaged 38.7%
of the mass of a new vehicle. Nonferrous metals such as copper, antimony, zinc, and aluminum accounted for only 1.5%. The
automobile shredder residues (ASRs) were composed of light and heavy fluffs and soil/dust and amounted to 15.8% based on the
mass of a new vehicle. The dumping of fluff and inorganic residues in landfill sites, however, will be restricted when new
regulations are implemented to reduce the disposal amount to less than 5% of a new car, as has been done in European countries
and in Japan. The detailed characteristics of ASR were investigated to suggest appropriate means of treatment such as volume
reduction or the utilization of thermal technologies to meet future expected enforcement. Also, some concerns on hazardous
pollutant release such as that of dioxins while utilizing such thermal treatment methods were considered. The present on-going
research and development projects to meet such future management targets are also introduced. 相似文献
966.
Antoine Longieras Jean-Baptiste Tanchette Damien Erre Christian Braud Alain Copinet 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2007,15(3):200-206
Commercial poly(lactide) degradation was studied in an inert solid medium simulating compost conditions, with the aim to achieve
a complete carbon balance of the polymer degradation. The mineralisation rate at the end of the test was compared to those
obtained for poly(lactide) degradation in compost. It was shown that the mineralisation rate after 45 days of degradation
was quite lower in inert solid medium than in compost but the standard deviation of data was enhanced. A protocol for both
extraction and quantification of the carbon included in the different degradation by-products was proposed and the carbon
balance of the polymer degradation was followed during the test with a satisfactory accuracy. The non-degraded PLA material
was recovered during the test, hence the evolution of the glass transition temperature and the molecular weight was followed.
A two-step degradation mechanism was highlighted in inert solid medium, showing the fundamental role of abiotic reactions
for PLA degradation in compost. 相似文献
967.
模糊聚类法在大气环境质量评价中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过对2004年甘肃省5个有代表性城市的大气质量监测数据进行分析,较为详细地介绍了将模糊聚类法应用于大气环境质量综合评价的过程,从而展示了模糊聚类在环境评价和管理中的积极作用和重要意义. 相似文献
968.
针对我国国有高新技术企业在发展中面临的困难,指出对其安全问题研究,是一项复杂的系统工程。基于系统分析的WSR(物理-事理-人理)理论和方法,对影响高新技术企业的安全因素进行较为全面的分析,构建了国有高新技术企业安全因素WSR分析模型,为高新技术企业安全运营问题的系统研究提出了新的思路。 相似文献
969.
日本安全生产管理及其对我国的启示 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:4
针对我国安全生产管理现状,分析日本安全生产发展历程和特点,并借鉴日本经验,提出进一步加快建立健全我国安全生产监管体系、法律法规体系、颁布实施安全生产规划、建立强有力的安全生产技术支撑体系、在我国探索开展伤害预知预警活动和重点落实企业主体责任等一系列完善我国安全生产体制和机制的建议;给出了我国完善的安全生产监管体系框图。通过对日本安全生产特点研究,结合我国安全生产面临的严峻形势,对探索增强我国企业和从业人员安全意识,逐步完善安全生产工作方式、方法和机制,以期为提高我国安全生产工作水平提供科学依据和有益的借鉴。 相似文献
970.
运用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,对具有超压防护功能的某化学事故应急救援手术方舱室内气体污染物运动扩散的规律以及对人员安全的影响进行了数值模拟,其研究结果表明:当大气环境中氢氰酸(HCN)浓度为5mg/L时,前10s从常规进风口进入舱室的HCN在滤毒通风装置开启后,随气流运动逐渐向整个舱室扩散,经净化空气的混合稀释作用,绝大部分通过舱体缝隙排出舱室,30min内舱室HCN浓度的总量下降了95.1%,说明超压防护很好地保证了舱室环境的安全性。 相似文献