苔藓植物运用于大气重金属污染监测的研究进展

分析了苔藓植物适用于大气重金属污染监测的特殊生理特征及其生理响应,总结了利用苔藓植物监测大气中重金属污染的优势,探讨了苔藓植物对重金属的吸收机制及其重金属富集途径,并综述了国内外采用的相关监测方法。最后,还指出了存在问题及发展方向。     

Assessment of Atmospheric Deposition of Heavy Metals and Other Elements in Belgrade Using the Moss Biomonitoring Technique and Neutron Activation Analysis

This study aimed at assessing atmospheric deposition of heavy metals and other elements using the moss genera Brachythecium sp. (B. rutabulum and B. salebrosum) and Eurhynchium sp. (E. hians and E. striatum) collected in autumn 2004 in the urban area of Belgrade. The concentrations of 36 elements (Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Mo, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Tb, Dy, Hf, Ta, W, Hg, Th, U) were determined in moss and local topsoil samples by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The concentration of elements in moss positively correlated to those obtained for topsoil. High enrichment factors for As, Zn, Mo, Br, Sb, Se, Hg and Cl, calculated to continental crust composition, gave an evidence for anthropogenic impact on urban area, mainly due to intensive vehicular traffic and fossil fuel combustion. The concentration of elements in moss, characteristic for fossil fuel combustion, obtained in this study were substantially lower than in the previous investigation (2000) conducted in the area of Belgrade. The level of concentrations for V, Cr, Ni, and As in moss from this study correlated to those measured for neighboring countries, and were several times higher than the base-level data from low polluted areas. The level of accumulated elements in both investigated moss genera were similar and all studied species could be combined for biomonitoring purposes in urban areas.     

Restoration processes of pollution zones in Hanjiang River

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Synthesis and application of insect attractants in Vietnam

Detrimental effects of synthetic pesticides on health, environment and organisms have necessitated the exploration of alternative strategies for insect control. The insect attractants represent an important link within these systems. In Vietnam, since 1970, methyleugenol and its analogues have been synthesized for mass trapping of the fruitfly Daccus dorsalis Hendel. This chemical reduced the damage on the oranges of many plantations in our country. In the period 1978–1980, for the first time some selected types of pheromones were tested. The trials verified and provided evidence of the occurrence of six species of moth in southeast Vietnam: Archips micaceanus, Archips seminubilus, Cadra caustella, Spodoptera exigua, Chysodeixis eriosoma and Parapoynx sp. The last decade has seen intense activity in the elaboration and application of some complex systems of fighting plant pests. Pheromones of moth and weevils have been prepared in the Institute of Agrochemistry and the Institute of Tropical Biology NCST: Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn, Heliothis armigera Hbn, Plutella xylostella Curt, Adoxophyes sp, Lyonetia clerckella, Trogoderma granarium, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Blattela germanica, Diprion, Neodiprion, Scolytus multistriatus, Scolytus scolytus, Lasioderma sericorne, Tribolium cofusum. Some synthetic aspects of these pheromones are described. The use of pheromone traps for monitoring and mass trapping the Scolytus multistriatus, Tribolium confusum, Plutella xylostella Curt, Heliothis armigera Hbn, Cylas formicarius elegantulus will be discussed.     

Seasonal and Interannual Variations in the Frequency and Severity of Deformities in Larvae of Chironomus riparius (Meigen, 1804) and Prodiamesa olivacea (Meigen, 1818) (Diptera, Chironomidae) collected in a polluted site

Larvae of Chironomus riparius and Prodiamesa olivacea were sampled at intervals overthe period November 1993 and October 1995 from theriver Sar in Galicia (N.W. Spain), with the aim ofinvestigating possible temporal variations in thefrequency of deformed individuals and in `Toxic Score'values (Lenat, 1993), a score for severity of theabnormalities calculated for each species. The resultsobtained indicate that, in both species, deformitiesare more frequent during the colder period of theyear. Similarly, Toxic Score values are higher duringthis period. These finding suggest that studies usingchironomid larvae as indicators of contaminationsshould involve sampling over an extended period, tominimize the influence of temporal variation.     

APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL MEASURES FOR STREAM INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT IN SOUTH-EAST BRAZIL

The sensitivity of eleven metrics using macroinvertebrate assemblages were evaluated in an environmental gradient in a tropical river in south-east Brazil. Eight sites were sampled in an altitudinal range of 160–650 m.a.s.l. during 1999 (April and August) and 2000 (February). Four substrates were sampled at each site: riffle litter, pool litter, stony substrates and sediment. Correspondence Analysis indicated that assemblages were primarily more influenced by physical changes (like deforestation and erosion processes) than the water chemistry. The sensitivity of each metric was evaluated through the application of box-and-whisker plot method by its power to assess impairment (metrics should be able to discriminate reference sites from impaired sites) and natural variability (metrics should not discriminate two reference sites). Metrics that failed in at least one of the above premises were not considered as sensitive. In this study, the most sensitive metrics were Shannon index, BMWP-ASPT, %_EPT, and relative abundance of EPT to Chironomidae.     

污水排海工程生物监测

本文阐述了污水排海工程及其生物监测的必要性和优越性，描述了污水排海工程纳污海域的分区和生物学要求，并讨论了污水排海工程生物监测的基本内容。     

玉米幼根对铅的吸收途径及有关的两种酶活性变化初探

经组织化学的方法研究证明,玉米幼根对铅的吸收经过了两条通道,即自由空间通道和共质体通道。测定玉米幼根吸收铅后ATP酶及酸性磷酸酶活性的变化,发现铅使共质体中这两种与能量代谢有关的酶活性增强,从而提出存在主动运输可能的设想。本文采用的组织化学方法,也可作为铅污染的生物监测方法。     

Fish transplantation and stress-related biomarkers as useful tools for assessing water quality

The active biomonitoring (ABM) approach was investigated using species of indigenous (from a pristine site) and transplanted (to a polluted area) fish Carassius auratus as an indicator organism of water/sediment pollution in Taihu Lake, a highly urbanized and industrialized area. The biotransformation enzymes 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), reduced glutathione (GSH) content, catalase activities (CAT) and lipoperoxidation (as MDA) in liver were determined as stress-related biomarkers during the field exposure period. At the same time, the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and heavy metals in the surface sediments of biomonitoring sites were also determined. The results indicate that the in situ exposed organisms were stressed. The marked increases of EROD, GSH, CAT and MDA in transplanted animals, suggested their potential application as biomarkers in pollution monitoring. Integrated biomarker response (IBR) was used to evaluate an integrated impact of toxicants from different polluted sites.