不同重金属在烤烟中的累积分配特征研究

研究了重金属Hg、As、Pb在烤烟中的累积分布。结果表明：烤烟对Hg、As、Pb的耐受力较强；Hg抑制K326根系的生长，Pb、As对K326的生长有一定的促进作用。随着重金属浓度的增加，各部位重金属含量和烟株累积总量多呈增加趋势。在不同的处理下，3种重金属的含量在根系中最高；在相同的处理下，重金属在烟叶各部位的含量按大小顺序均为下部叶〉中部叶〉上部叶。随着处理浓度的增加，分配在根系中的重金属元素的比例不断增加，而在叶片中的分配比例不断降低；按重金属元素在叶片中的分配比例排序为Hg〉As〉Pb。     

大学生健康与头发中铅含量的关系

通过实验、调查、查资料的方式，对“大学生发铅与人体健康”这一课题展开讨论。用实验法、问卷调查和社会调查、查资料3种方式进行研究，分析了铅对人体健康的影响及大学生健康与头发中铅含量的关系，提出开发应用天然产物预防铅中毒。结果均与现代医学理论相一致。在教学中开展此项研究，对于复合型人才的培养具有积极的作用。     

Determination of Cadmium and Lead in Different Cigarette Brands in Jordan

Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations in different cigarette brands sold and/or produced in Jordan were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). Average levels of Cd and Pb in different cigarette brands in Jordan were 2.64 and 2.67 g g^{– 1} (DW), respectively. The results obtained in this study estimate the average quantity of Cd inhaled from smoking one packet of 20 cigarettes to be in the range of 3.65–7.30 g. Results suggest that the quantity of Pb inhaled of smoking one packet of 20 cigarettes, is estimated to be 0.74–2.22 g. The concentrations of Cd and Pb in cigarettes were significantly different between cigarette brands tested. Our results were compared with other worldwide studies.     

Lead Content of Petrol and Diesel and its Assessment in an Urban Environment

Pakistan is one of the few countries in Asia thatcontinues to use only leaded-petrol as vehicular fuel. Theconcentration of Pb in its petrol reported in 1991 was thehighest (1.5 – 2.0 g Pb L^-1) of all produced by the various Asiancountries and far exceeded the WHOs guideline of 0.15 g Pb L^-1. We have undertaken a study to trace and quantify this toxicelement in the environs of Karachi, Pakistans major metropolis,having more than 30% of the nations total number of vehicles.In this article we report the Pb contents of petrol and dieselcurrently manufactured and marketed in the city. Samples of`Regular petrol collected in 1999 was found to contain 0.363 gPb L^-1 (range: 0.335 – 0.390 g Pb L^-1), a factor of 5 lower than thatmarketed prior to 1991. Its concentration in diesel fuel was muchlower (0.017 g Pb L^-1). Based on the available statistical data onthe type and volume of vehicular traffic, we assessed that thecurrent lead emission from vehicular traffic into the atmosphereis 391 metric tons a year, which is a factor of 2.7 lower thanthat estimated for 1989.     

Metal Levels in Raccoon Tissues: Differences On and Off the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in South Carolina

Levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, selenium, and strontium⁸⁸ were examined in heart, kidney, muscle, spleen and liver of raccoons (Procyon lotor) from four areas on the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS), including near a former reactor cooling reservoir and a coal ash basin, and from public hunting areas within 15 km of the site. Mercury is mentioned briefly because it is discussed more fully in another paper. We test the hypotheses that there are no differences in metal levels between raccoons on SRS and off the SRS (off-site), and among different locations on the SRS. Although raccoons collected off-site had significantly lower levels of mercury and selenium in both the liver and kidney, there were few consistencies otherwise. There were significantly higher levels of cadmium in liver of on-site compared to off-site raccoons, and significantly higher levels of chromium and strontium⁸⁸ in kidney of on-site compared to off-site raccoons. Copper and manganese were highest in the liver; cadmium, lead, mercury and selenium were highest in the liver and kidney; chromium was highest in the spleen and muscle; arsenic was highest in the heart, and strontium⁸⁸ was slightly higher in the kidney than other organs. Where there were significant differences on site, chromium, manganese were highest in raccoon tissues from Steel Creek; arsenic, lead and selenium were highest in the Ash Basin; cadmium was highest at Upper Three Runs; and strontium⁸⁸ was highest at Upper Three Runs and Steel Creek. The patterns were far from consistent.     

Distribution of heavy metals in sediment and water of river Gomti

Gomti river receives industrial as well as domestic wastes from various drains of Lucknow city. In the process the water and sediment of the river Gomti get contaminated with heavy metals and other pollutants. In the present study, impacts of domestic/industrial wastes on the water and sediment chemistry of river Gomti with special reference to heavy metals have been investigated in different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). For this, seven sampling sites: Gaughat, Mohan Meakin, Martyrs Memorial, Hanuman Setu, Nishatganj bridge, Pipraghat and Malhaur, in the river Gomti in Lucknow region were identified and samples of water and sediments were collected in all the three seasons. In the collected water and sediment samples, six metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were analyzed on ICP-AES (Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy) Labtam Plasmalab 8440. High concentrations of all the metals were noticed in water and sediment in rainy season compared to summer and winter. Because in rainy season runoff from open contaminated sites, agricultural field and industries, directly comes into the river without any treatment. In both the cases, the concentration of zinc was maximum (0.091 g/ml in water and 182.13 g/g in sediment) and the concentration of cadmium (0.001 g/ml in water and 17.26 g/g in sediment) was minimum. Higher concentration of metal in water and sediment during rainy season could be due to the industrial/agricultural/domestic runoff coming into the river.     

微波消解平台石墨炉原子吸收法测定活性污泥中重金属

以铜和铅为例建立了一种微波消解样品,平台石墨炉原子吸收法测定活性污泥中重金属含量的方法,该方法的样品加标回收率Cu为91 0%～97 3%,Pb为93 1%～98 0%,相对标准偏差RSD(%):Cu为1 38%～1 61%,Pb为1 28%～1 94%,检验限Cu为0 0052ng g,Pb为0 0073ng g,该方法应用于活性污泥中重金属的分析,实验所需时间短,取样量少,空白值低,实验过程中样品损失小,准确度和灵敏度高,结果令人满意。     

铅吸附深色有隔内生真菌的筛选及其吸附特性

本文通过测定沙门外瓶柄霉(Exophiala salmonis BC5)、甘瓶霉(Phialophora mustea BC42)、菊异茎点霉(Paraphoma chrysanthemicola B100)和枝状枝孢菌(Cladosporium cladosporioides B142)4种具有耐铅特性的深色有隔内生真菌(Dark Septate Endophytes,DSE)非活性菌丝的铅吸附能力,从中筛选出铅吸附能力强的菌种并研究其吸附特性.扫描电镜观察结果显示,4种DSE吸附剂均有管道状结构,以枝状枝孢菌的直径最大((4.04±0.68)μm),且较为完整,枝状枝孢菌吸附剂的表面比较粗糙,其余3种DSE吸附剂的表面均比较光滑;傅立叶红外光谱分析表明,4种DSE吸附剂均含有氨基(—NH2)、羟基(—OH)、酯羰基(—COO)和羧基(—COOH)等官能团;当吸附时间分别为15 min和60 min时,枝状枝孢菌对铅的去除率、吸附量分别达83.30%、14.73 mg·g~(-1)和94.86%、19.54 mg·g~(-1),均显著高于其他3种真菌,其次是菊异茎点霉,沙门外瓶柄霉和甘瓶霉的吸附能力较差.进一步研究枝状枝孢菌的铅吸附特性,结果表明:p H(2.0~6.0)、初始金属浓度(10~300μg·m L~(-1))、吸附时间(5~180 min)、吸附剂剂量(0.5~10 g·L~(-1))、温度(20~40℃)及转速(80~180 r·min-1)对枝状枝孢菌的铅吸附过程均有显著影响,最佳的吸附条件分别为p H 5.0、初始金属浓度150μg·m L~(-1)、吸附时间120 min、吸附剂剂量3 g·L~(-1)、温度25℃、转速180 r·min-1,此时吸附量为40.8 mg·g~(-1).     

中国工业过程大气铅排放特征

依据典型行业活动水平数据和排放因子,采用"自下而上"排放因子法构建了2000—2010年我国有色金属冶炼、钢铁冶炼、建筑材料生产和铅酸电池生产等工业生产过程大气铅(Pb)排放清单.结果显示,我国工业过程大气Pb排放呈逐年递增趋势,年均增长率为12.5%,2010年排放量高达14920.47t;有色金属冶炼过程为大气Pb的主要来源,比重高达66.7%,其中,铅冶炼过程对整个工业过程的Pb排放贡献达到29.0%.钢铁烧结过程大气Pb排放仅次于有色金属冶炼过程,排放贡献率达23.1%,其排放主要来源于粗钢冶炼.另外,由于产业集中度低和控制技术相对落后,导致建材生产行业和铅酸电池生产过程排放对周边的环境影响也不容忽视.受矿产资源分布不均及产业布局等因素影响,我国工业过程大气Pb排放地区分布差异明显,主要集中在湖南、河南、云南、河北和江西等省份.     

铅锌选厂尾矿库生态系统中铅镉污染现状调查及对策

分析昭通市铅锌选矿厂尾矿库生态系统中铅镉等重金属污染现状，针对尾矿库闭库后的生态恢复中存在的问题，提出尾矿库闭库后的生态恢复措施及建议。