叶面调理剂对复合污染农田小麦籽粒Cd、As和Pb累积的阻控效应

针对麦田土壤镉（Cd）、砷（As）和铅（Pb）复合污染问题,采用田间小区试验,于拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆初期对小麦进行叶面单独和混合喷施Zn（0.2% ZnSO₄）、Mg（0.4% MgSO₄）和Mn（0.2% MnSO₄）处理,以期探究叶面调理剂对小麦籽粒Cd、As和Pb累积的阻控效应,最终筛选出适用于北方重金属复合污染区有效阻控小麦籽粒中Cd、As和Pb累积的叶面调理剂.结果表明,与对照相比,叶面喷施Zn+Mg+Mn复配溶液能够显著降低小麦籽粒中Cd、As和Pb含量,降幅分别为18.96%、23.87%和51.31%,TF_{籽粒/秸秆}分别降低了14.62%、27.73%和47.70%,该叶面调理剂能够通过抑制Cd、As和Pb从小麦茎叶到籽粒的转运进而降低其在籽粒的累积;研究还发现,对照的籽粒中Cd和As主要分布在中心胚乳（34.08%~37.08%）,而Pb主要分布在果皮和种皮（27.78%）.喷施Zn+Mg+Mn复配溶液可显著降低Cd和As在糊粉层含量,分别比CK降低81.10%和82.24%,而Pb除果皮和种皮、中心胚乳外,各层次Pb含量均显著降低（降幅为42.85%~91.15%）,各层次面粉只有糊粉层（P2）重金属含量与Zn含量呈显著负相关.综上所述,对于北方石灰性土壤Cd、As和Pb中度复合污染农田,于小麦拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆初期各喷施一次Zn+Mg+Mn复配的叶面调理剂,可有效阻控Cd、As和Pb在小麦籽粒尤其是糊粉层的累积.在此基础上,可通过去除麦麸来进一步降低重金属尤其是Cd的污染,保证小麦安全生产和粮食安全.     

Soil lead (Pb) in residential transects through Lubbock,Texas: a preliminary assessment

Residential lead (Pb) contamination, resulting from decades-long use of leaded gasoline and lead-based paint, is likely to be present in soils in most urban areas. A screening level sampling effort demonstrated that Lubbock, Texas, USA, like other cities of its age and size, has areas of elevated soil Pb. This effort was based on soil sampling performed on residential, commercial and thoroughfare properties. The focus of this study was to investigate that component of soil contamination due to combustion of leaded gasoline. Soils were collected from the 1–2 cm surface layer from street-side property borders, well away from buildings that might lead to soil contamination from leaded paint chips. All samples were analyzed for Pb after a 1 M HNO₃ mild extraction to determine the amount of bioavailable Pb. Two of three transects through the city demonstrated significant trends of decreasing Pb concentrations with distance from the city center, paralleling a decrease in developed property age. Peak soil Pb concentrations outside city development was 4.9 ± 0.6 mg/kg while the median concentration for the city was 35.4 mg/kg. Peak soil Pb concentrations in the city center ranged from 90.0 to 174.0 mg/kg and decreased exponentially to 6.0–9.0 mg/kg at the furthest terminus of the residential transects.     

非活性菌丝体对水中铅离子的吸附

从发酵工业选取９种废弃的菌丝体,考察其对水中Ｐｂ离子的吸附行为。结果表明,其中半数菌丝体为Ｐｂ的最大吸附量接近或超过１００ｍｇ／ｇ干重,对林可链霉菌的吸附等温线和ｐＨ值、温度、共存离子等因素影响Ｐｂ离子吸附行为的研究表明,该菌丝体对Ｐｂ的吸附量随ｐＨ降低而升高,温度对吸附的影响不大,共存Ｃｕ＾２＋使Ｐｂ的吸附量降低,而共存Ｚｎ＾２＋无明显影响。     

重庆某铅污染场地稳定化修复技术研究

以重庆市某铅污染场地为研究对象,选用多种稳定化药剂对土壤开展稳定化修复技术研究,着重探讨了不同单一药剂与复配药剂对土壤铅浸出浓度的影响。实验结果表明:磷酸二氢钠(MSP)、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸钠和石灰4种无机药剂中MSP的稳定化修复效果最佳,且磷酸盐类的稳定化修复效果整体上优于石灰;MSP与少量有机药剂腐殖酸复配施用的稳定化修复效果优于单独施加MSP;在MSP投加比(与土壤的质量比)为5%、腐殖酸投加比为2%、养护时间为7 d的最优工艺条件下,土壤中铅的浸出浓度由41.70 mg/L降至0.16 mg/L,低于《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)中规定的0.25 mg/L浓度限值。     

纳米二氧化硅和铅复合暴露对 斑马鱼幼鱼甲状腺内分泌系统的毒性影响

纳米颗粒(NPs)因其广泛的应用而备受关注。NPs会改变重金属(如Pb)在生物体内的富集和毒性作用。因此,研究选择国际公认的模式动物斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为研究对象,开展纳米二氧化硅(nano-SiO₂)对Pb在鱼体内的积累和甲状腺内分泌系统干扰的研究。受精2 h后的斑马鱼胚胎,单独暴露于环境相关浓度的Pb(如0, 5, 10和20 μg/L)或与无效应浓度nano-SiO₂(如25 μg/L)复合暴露至144 h。结果表明：和nano-SiO₂复合暴露后,斑马鱼幼鱼体内Pb的含量显著高于同浓度下Pb单独暴露(P<0.05)。此外,Pb或nano-SiO₂单独暴露都不会显著改变斑马鱼幼鱼体内甲状腺激素(T4和T3)的含量(P>0.05);但当两者复合暴露后,斑马鱼幼鱼体内T4和T3含量显著低于对照组或同浓度下Pb单独暴露组 (P<0.01和P<0.05)。在Pb单独或与nano-SiO₂复合暴露下,tshβ基因的表达都显著上调,但ttr和tg基因的表达都显著下调,并且复合暴露造成基因表达水平的改变较同浓度下Pb单独暴露相比更明显(P<0.05)。上述结果指出,nano-SiO₂会增加Pb在生物体内的富集,从而对斑马鱼幼鱼的甲状腺内分泌系统造成更严重的影响。     

腐殖酸存在下镉和铅对土壤脱氢酶活性的影响

采用室内培养试验研究Cd和Pb污染红壤添加不同组分腐殖酸后,其脱氢酶活性的变化,结果表明,红壤遭受镉和铅污染后,脱氢酶活性显著降低,然而腐殖酸特别是胡敏酸的存在能够使脱氢酶活性得到显著回升,说明腐殖酸与重金属的相互作用对重金属污染土壤微生物活性的改善和修复功能,对土壤有一定的去污降毒作用.不同腐殖酸组分的效应大小为:灰色胡敏酸(GHA)>棕色胡敏酸(BHA)>富里酸(FA),表明分子量愈大、芳构化程度愈高的腐殖酸组分,其对重金属的钝化愈强,从而解除土壤重金属对生物毒害的能力愈强.     

Introduction of the Factor of Partitioning in the Lithogenic Enrichment Factors of Trace Element Bioaccumulation in Plant Tissues

Bioindicators are widely used in the study of trace elements inputs into the environment and great efforts have been conducted to separate atmospheric from soil borne inputs on biomass accumulation. Many monitoring studies of trace element pollution take into account the dust particles located in the plant surface plus the contents of the plant tissues. However, it is usually only the trace element content in the plant tissues that is relevant on plant health. Enrichment factor equations take into account the trace element enrichment of biomasses with respect soil or bedrocks by comparing the ratios of the trace element in question to a lithogenic element, usually Al. However, the enrichment equations currently in use are inadequate because they do not take into account the fact that Al (or whichever reference element) and the element in question may have different solubility-absorption-retention levels depending on the rock and soil types involved. This constrain will become critical when results from different sites are compared and so in this article we propose that the solubility factors of each element are taken into account in order to overcome this constrain. We analysed Sb, Co, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn, V, Zn, Cu, As, Hg, and Al concentration in different zones of Catalonia (NE Spain) using the evergreen oak Quercus ilex and the moss Hypnum cupressiforme as target species. We compared the results obtained in rural and non industrial areas with those from the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. We observed differences in Al concentrations of soils and bedrocks at each different site, together with the differences in solubility between Al and the element in question, and a weak correlation between total soil content and water extract content through different sites for most trace elements. All these findings show the unsuitability of the current enrichment factors for calculating lithospheric and atmospheric contributions to trace element concentrations in biomass tissues. The trace element enrichment factors were calculated by subtracting the part predicted by substrate composition (deduced from water extracts from soils and bedrock) from total concentrations. Results showed that for most of the trace elements analysed, trace elements enrichment factors were higher inside the Barcelona Metropolitan Area than outside, a finding that indicates that greater atmospheric inputs occur in urban areas. The results show that the most useful and correct way of establishing a reference for lithospheric and atmospheric inputs into the plant tissues is, first, to analyse samples of the same plant species collected from a number of sites possessing similar environmental conditions (climate, vegetation type, soil type) and, second, to use this new enrichment factor obtained by subtracting from the total concentration in plant tissue the predicted contribution of soil or bedrock extracts instead of that of total soil or bedrock concentrations.     

谷壳的差热红外扫描电镜分析及对铜铅离子的生物吸附研究

用差热分析(DTG-DTA)、红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM/EDS)等方法对谷壳的质量随温度上升而变化的情况、表面的官能团、表面形态及主要元素构成等进行了分析,并研究了谷壳对水溶液中Cu2 、pb2 的生物吸附作用.加热170℃时谷壳质量损失约6%,至170～290℃时质量损失约45%,至500℃时质量仅余约11%.在320℃、440℃分别有2个放热峰.谷壳的红外吸收光谱图主要由碳水化合物如木质素、纤维素等的吸收带组成.红外光谱分析表明,1735 cm-1和1615 cm-1处的吸收峰为不同C=O的伸缩振动峰;1515 cm-1处为苯环的骨架振动峰,而1243 cm-1处是苯羟基中C-O的伸缩振动峰.1456 cm-1处的吸收峰为CH3-和CH2-的弯曲振动峰,1374 cm-1处是甲基的弯曲振动峰.SEM/EDS分析表明,谷壳表面粗糙,且主要由碳氧硅铝元素构成.结果表明,吸附时间、溶液pH、吸附剂用量、金属离子初始浓度及Na 和Ca2 离子对吸附均有影响.谷壳对Cu2 、Pb2 的吸附在30min基本达到平衡,在pH为5左右吸附效果较好,Ca2 对吸附的影响比Na 严重.随初始浓度的增加,吸附量增大,且吸附可用Langmuir方程描述.在本实验条件下,谷壳对Cu2 、Pb2 的最大吸附量分别为3.46 mg·L-1、12.5mg·L-1.一种金属离子的存在能显著降低谷壳对另一种金属离子的吸附,且pb2 对Cu2 的影响较Cu2 对pb2 的影响更严重.单一体系和混合体系的实验结果表明,谷壳对单一体系中Cu2 、Pb2 的吸附能力分别大于对混合溶液中Cu2 、Pb2 的吸附能力.     

青岛市大气铅与其它污染物及气象因素的相关性分析

对青岛市大气中铅进行了调查 ,在监测时间里大气铅的小时浓度值范围为 0 .0 1～ 1 .67μg/ m3,日均值在 0 .0 6～0 .33μg/ m3之间。同期监测了总悬浮颗粒物、二氧化硫、氮氧化物和一氧化碳等污染物 ,并讨论其相关性 ,同时结合气象因素简单分析其对铅浓度的影响     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定环境水样中四乙基铅的方法探讨

通过对双硫腙目视比色法测定四乙基铅的方法进行改进,利用四乙基铅标制作工作曲线,用浓硝酸取代溴-硝酸进行消解,使有机铅变成无机铅后,用石墨炉原子吸收方法定量测定。此方法操作简单、节省试剂,对测定环境水样中四乙基铅的灵敏度、准确度都有很大提高。该方法的最低检出浓度为0.02μg/L,测量范围为0.1~80μg/L,回收率88%~101%。