Identification of sources of lead in the atmosphere by chemical speciation using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy

Sources of Pb pollution in the local atmosphere together with Pb species, major ions, and heavy metal concentrations in a size-fractionated aerosol sample from Higashi-Hiroshima(Japan) have been determined by X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectroscopy, ion chromatography, and ICP-MS/AES, respectively. About 80% of total Pb was concentrated in fine aerosol particles. Lead species in the coarse aerosol particles were PbC2O4, 2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2, and Pb(NO3)2, whereas Pb species in the fine aerosol particles were PbC2O4, PbSO4, and Pb(NO3)2. Chemical speciation and abundance data suggested that the source of Pb in the fine aerosol particles was different from that of the coarse ones. The dominant sources of Pb in the fine aerosol particles were judged to be fly ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator and heavy oil combustion. For the coarse aerosol particles, road dust was considered to be the main Pb source. In addition to Pb species, elemental concentrations in the aerosols were also determined. The results suggested that Pb species in size-fractionated aerosols can be used to identify the origin of aerosol particles in the atmosphere as an alternative to Pb isotope ratio measurement.     

基于铅同位素解析技术的土壤铅污染来源研究

通过分析耕层土壤铅污染的程度,分析耕层土壤铅污染的来源,解析各污染源对土壤铅污染的相对贡献率.以陕西某工业区为研究区域,采集大气降尘、耕层土壤(0 ～ 20 cm)和背景土壤样品,用ICP-MS测定铅元素质量比及同位素比率(206pb/207 pb和208pb/206pb),分析耕层土壤铅污染的来源,结合二元混合模型计算各污染源对耕层土壤铅的贡献率.结果表明,耕层土壤铅质量比范围为21.8 ～ 40.0mg/kg,平均值为27.1 mg/kg;背景土壤铅质量比范围为19.1 ～22.1mg/kg,平均值为21.4 mg/kg;大气降尘铅质量比范围为570.2 ～2 221.7 mg/kg,平均值为1 062.36 mg/kg.该区域铅锌冶炼活动对耕层土壤铅的贡献率约为18.43％,焦化厂燃煤对耕层土壤铅的贡献率约为9.36％,热电厂燃煤对耕层土壤铅的贡献率约为19.71％,背景土壤对耕层土壤的贡献率约为52.5％.背景土壤是耕层土壤铅污染的主要来源.     

铅低积累大豆的筛选及铅对其豆中矿物营养元素的影响

筛选和培育铅低积累作物品种已被用来降低铅流入到人们的食物链中.本实验采用盆栽方法,研究了16个选定的大豆品种在两个铅处理(500和1500 mg·kg-1)下的生长反应,并评估其对铅的耐性.结果表明,在两个铅处理(500和1500 mg·kg-1)下,大豆中Pb含量有显著差异(p0.05),其平均值分别为0.19和0.27 mg·kg-1.在两种Pb梯度处理下富集系数的范围分别为0.003~0.014和0.002~0.012.16种大豆品种的富集系数在两种Pb梯度处理下均小于0.02,且存在显著差异(p0.05),表明大豆吸收的Pb主要积累在根部.大豆品种:垦丰16号、绥农28号、中黄35号和黑河35号被发现符合低铅积累大豆品种的标准.这4个品种的大豆被进一步用于评估Pb和其他矿质营养元素之间的相互作用,如Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn和Zn.土壤中Pb含量会影响大豆对微量矿物营养元素的吸收,表现为土壤中高剂量Pb能抑制大豆对Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg和Zn的吸收,同时增加其对Mn的吸收和积累.     

Implications of oxidative stress in occupational exposure to lead on a cellular level

The aim of this study was to determine oxidative alterations leading to cellular dysfunctions in Pb-exposed subjects by evaluating damage to all major classes of biomolecules in the cell, lipid peroxidation, protein and DNA damage and determine relationships between parameters of Pb toxicity and specific biomarkers of oxidative damage.

Analysis was conducted of smelter workers with high blood Pb and urine aminolevulinic acid levels and slightly elevated values of coproporphyrin and erythrocyte protoporphyrin IX. Significant decreases of thiol groups and increases in carbonyl groups as protein degradation end products, and of nitrite were detected. Elevated rates of lipid peroxidation and rises in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase were also observed. Both enzymes showed positive correlations with the blood lead levels and urine coproporphyrin, while thiol groups correlated negatively with the same indices. The genotoxic potential of lead was manifested through an increased number of DNA-damaged cells. Increased activities of serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes indicated cellular damage in the lungs, kidneys, and liver. These lead-induced impairments should be taken into consideration in the assessment of Pb-related health hazards.     

声电氧化处理扑热息痛的研究

采用电沉积法制备了新型稀土和氟树脂共掺杂二氧化铅电极,并用于声电氧化体系处理扑热息痛(APAP)废水.结果表明,采用稀土掺杂电极后,APAP的去除效率及矿化效率大幅度增加,显示出催化效率的显著提升.工艺因素作用规律结果表明,Ce-PTFE共掺杂PbO2电极在电解质14.2 g.L-1、功率为49.58 W.cm-2、频率50 Hz、pH为3、电流密度为71.43 mA.cm-2的条件下去除APAP效果最佳.反应进行2 h后,500 mg.L-1APAP去除率为92.20%,COD和TOC的去除率分别为79.95%和58.04%,电流效率高达45.83%.结合GC-MS、HPLC、IC等分析手段,检测到了主要中间产物包括苯醌,苯甲酸、乙酸、顺丁烯二酸,乙二酸、甲酸等,推测了APAP的可能降解途径.     

纳米二氧化锆吸附Pb~(2+)的研究

采用沉淀法合成了纳米级二氧化锆,利用SEM、XRD技术,对纳米ZrO_2进行微观形貌和粒径分析,探讨了吸附时间、吸附温度、pH值以及Pb~(2+)初始浓度对吸附的影响,分析了吸附热力学性质和动力学特性,初步探讨了吸附机理。研究结果表明:在吸附温度为40℃,Pb~(2+)初始浓度为10 mg/L,pH为4.5时,吸附反应40 min后,最大吸附量为17.8 mg/g;纳米ZrO_2对Pb~(2+)吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,其吸附动力学过程以准二级动力学方程拟合效果最好;温度在303~323 K时,纳米ZrO_2吸附Pb~(2+)的吉布斯自由能ΔG~o<0、焓变ΔH~o<0、熵变ΔS~o<0,表明纳米ZrO_2对Pb~(2+)的吸附是一个自发放热过程。     

清洁地表水中铅的氢化物发生——原子荧光光谱法研究

研究并建立了清洁地表水中的铅的氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法.通过对样品酸度、还原剂浓度和仪器工作条件的探讨,并对标准曲线线性范围、方法检出限、精密度和准确度进行了测定.结果表明,以1.0%的硼氢化钾-1.0%铁氰化钾混合溶液为还原剂,1.0%的盐酸为载流液,标准曲线线性范围为0~50 μg/L,相关系数为0.999 9,方法检出限为0.05 μg/L,精密度为1.52%~2.79%,实际样品加标回收率为97.2%~107%.此方法灵敏度高、检出限低、操作简便、成本低廉,是一种较为理想的分析方法.     

中国电动自行车动力铅酸蓄电池生命周期评价

以近年来中国用量增长最快的电动自行车动力铅酸蓄电池为对象,建立了生命周期环境影响评价模型,分析了从原材料生产、电池生产、电池运输、电池使用和废旧铅酸蓄电池及含铅废物回收处理全生命周期的环境影响.研究采用了大量企业调研数据和中国本土LCA数据库,以期反映整个中国铅酸蓄电池产业链的技术工艺和环境管理水平现状.结果表明,原材料生产和电池使用是资源(含能源)消耗的主要阶段,贡献了电池全生命周期绝大部分的环境影响.原材料生产贡献最多的全生命周期环境影响包括非生物资源耗竭(699%)、富营养化(89%)、光化学烟雾(98%)、臭氧层破坏(117%)、人体毒性(159%)和生态毒性(484%).电池使用过程的电耗间接消耗了83%的一次能源,相应地贡献了最多的气候变暖潜值(86%)和酸化潜值(70%).废旧铅酸蓄电池和含铅废物回收再生铅可抵消很大一部分原材料生产造成的环境影响.延长电池寿命,减少电池生产金属用量及提高废旧电池回收处理过程的工艺技术和污染控制水平也是减少铅酸蓄电池生命周期环境影响的关键.     

Effect of Water Variables On Lead Tolerance in Postlarvae of Penaeus Indicus (H. Milne Edwards)

Lead tolerance in Penaeus indicus post-larvae (PL) was studied in relation to the water variables: salinity, temperature and pH. the LC₅₀ for 96 hrs was 7.22 ppm at ambient conditions of salinity (20%_o), temperature (29°C) and pH (7.2). the post-larvae were found to be sensitive to salinity variations with a significant (P < 0.05) low LC₅₀ values at lower (2%_o) and higher (29%_o) ranges. Though a decrease in LC₅₀ value was observed both at higher (45°C) and lower (10°C) temperatures, it was significantly (P < 0.05) low only at higher temperature indicating more toxicity. the LC₅₀ values also showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in acidic (pH 2.8) and alkaline (pH 11.0) conditions. the data indicate that lead toxicity increases in the PL of P. indicus with variations in the water variables.     

Impact of waterlogging on the uptake of arsenic by hyperaccumulator and tolerant plant

A significant proportion of arsenic (As)-contaminated sites are temporarily or permanently under reducing condition, which may affect phytoextraction efficiency using the As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. In this work, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the solubility and redox species of As in soil. The uptake of As by two populations of P. vittata and As-tolerant grass Holcus lanatus under different water regimes was examined. Waterlogging decreased the redox potential from 350 to?50 mV, leading to an approximately 40% reduction of As(V) to As(III) and an increased dissolved As concentration by 150%–300%. The changes in the speciation and concentration of As influenced its uptake by plants. A population collected from a temporarily waterlogged riverside in Guangxi province (GX population) had ninefold higher shoot As concentration under the waterlogged condition than that under the non-waterlogged condition, indicating that it preferred taking up As in the form of As(III). By contrast, a population of P. vittata collected from a dry land in Yunnan province (YN population) and H. lanatus demonstrated a preference to As(V). The GX population was an appropriate species for the phytoextraction of waterlogged sites. These results implied the importance of habitat ecology on the extraction efficiency of hyperaccumulators.