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661.
Atmospheric lead and bromine in Germany: post-abatement levels,variabilities and trends 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Lammel G Röhrl A Schreiber H 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2002,9(6):397-404
INTENTION, GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: Abatement measures since the 1970s have depleted lead and bromine levels in the atmosphere over large parts of Europe. Our knowledge of the atmospheric cycling of these elements while a several decade-long period of intensive mobilization reaches its end is incomplete. OBJECTIVE: We have characterized the trends in the atmospheric levels of Pb and Br and present-day temporal and spatial variabilities. METHODS: This was achieved by short-term (weeks) and long-term (years) measurements of particulate Pb and Br at various sites in Germany. Samples of atmospheric particulate matter were collected on filter membranes and analyzed by x-ray fluorescence. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Average Pb levels at rural and urban inland sites did not exceed concentrations in background aerosols, sampled at a Baltic Sea coastal site, by more than a factor of 3. Due to sea salt, bromide inland particulate Br levels are below those at a coastal site. There, non-sea salt Br, however, is significant as well. Urban Pb and Br levels are not necessarily higher than rural levels. The concentration levels have decreased in such a way that the previously common source, local vehicular traffic emissions, is no longer predominant. Regional rather than local sources have been increasingly determining the concentrations since the 1990s. This is more pronounced for Br than for Pb. We found indications for coal burning and long-range transport as significant Pb sources. For particulate Pb species, a range of ages (elapsed time since Pb emission) has been found. This range shows two maxima corresponding to characteristic times of 72 and 24 h. CONCLUSIONS: The (mean) atmospheric residence time of particulate Pb is longer than the residence time of Br, in particular in the wintertime. The chemical species contributing to atmospheric Pb should be addressed in future studies. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: Clearly, despite effective abatement measures, atmospheric Pb will continue to be dominated by anthropogenic mobilization. The influence from long-range transport can be expected to decrease with the effectiveness of abatement programmes in neighbouring countries of the region. 相似文献
662.
663.
土壤中铅的植物可利用性化学调控研究 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:7
针对重庆市蔬菜重金属污染现状,选取Pb为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,探讨石灰、腐殖酸、硫化钠对污染土壤中Pb活性的影响及Pb在植物体内的积累效应。研究结果表明,石灰、腐殖酸、硫化钠均能降低Pb的植物可利用性。不同石灰用量均能明显抑制Pb向植物迁移;在石灰的各种加入量中,10.0g/kg的加入量对Pb的抑制效果最明显,莴笋中Pb质量分数下降了35.7%;在腐殖酸的各种加入量中,2.67g/kg的加入量对Pb的抑制效果最明显,植物中Pb质量分数下降了23.0%;在硫化钠的各种加入量中,0.47g/kg的加入量对Pb的抑制效果最明显,植物体内Pb质量分数降低了23.8%。各种添加剂均能使植物根部Pb的分配系数下降,而茎、叶Pb的分配系数上升。 相似文献
664.
汽车尾气中铅对公路两侧土壤的污染特征 总被引:21,自引:1,他引:21
采用一系列的实验室质量保证措施,利用统计学原理,研究了汽车尾气中铅对公路(以102国道长春至四平段远离城市且周围无工业点源为例)两侧土壤污染的程度,并分析了其分布水平。结果表明公路两侧土壤铅的污染在公路两侧30-35m范围内较为严重,说明土壤主要受汽车尾气中铅的污染影响,而距公路75m以外,汽车尾气中的铅对土壤基本无影响。对土壤铅含量垂直分布的研究表明,随着土壤深度增加,铅含量迅速减少,距地面10cm以下时,即达到土壤背景值的下限。 相似文献
665.
The 1990's time series in Hong Kong for various components oftotal suspended particulate matter (TSP) and PM10 have beenanalyzed in order to assess two distinct types of anthropogenicinput. The first of these relates to the immense reclamation andconstruction activities for new developments and airportconstruction. The concentrations of crustal components inPM10 (= TSP – PM10) were found to peak at the time ofthis maximum activity. A second type of anthropogenic input,ambient lead from petrol vehicles, has decreased in Hong Kongand now represents a regional background. Ambient bromine nowarises mainly from the seasalt source. 相似文献
666.
Burger J Campbell KR Campbell TS Shukla T Dixon C Gochfeld M 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,110(1-3):171-184
We compared the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury and selenium in a small species of fish (Central
stonerollers, Campostoma anomalum) collected from East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) and a reference site in eastern Tennessee. Stonerollers are minnows in the
Cyprinidae family that serve as prey for many carnivores in aquatic systems. Fish were collected from East Fork Poplar Creek
within the U.S. Department of Energy's Y-12 National Security Complex, part of the Oak Ridge Reservation, and from a reference
stretch of the Little River in East Tennessee. Whole fish were homogenized for analysis. Concentrations of all metals (except
arsenic) were significantly higher in stonerollers from EFPC compared to the reference site. Mercury levels in minnows from
EFPC averaged 0.4 ppm (μg/g), four times higher than the average for fish in the U.S. in general. This was higher than levels
in fish from the nearby Clinch River and higher than fillets of white bass (Morone chrysops) from the same creek. Most metal levels were inversely related to size and weight of the stonerollers, perhaps due to growth
dilution. 相似文献
667.
668.
南京市区植物叶片氮、硫、铅含量与大气污染评价 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
通过对南京市区的各功能区植物叶片中的氮、硫、铅元素含量的分析,研究了植物大气环境污染指数,探讨了植物叶片的氮、硫、铅元素含量的季节变化,以及与城市大气环境污染之间的关系。结果表明,植物叶片中,硫、铅元素的含量随季节变化不断增加,而氮元素含量相应减少;各功能区的硫、铅元素含量明显高于清洁对照区;用植物污染指数可以综合评价大气环境的质量状况。 相似文献
669.
研究了黑白显像玻壳生产中产生的含铅粉尘的水溶性,酸溶性,浸出毒性和铅的存在形态,提出了用盐酸循环浸铅,冷析PbCl2的提铅方法,考察了浸取剂及浓度,浸取温度,浸取时间对铅浸出率的影响,为充分利用铅资源及实现铅尘无害化提供了依据。 相似文献
670.