改良剂对铅锌尾矿污染土壤上龙须草生长和叶片叶绿素含量的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了4种改良剂对铅锌尾矿污染土壤中龙须草生长和叶片叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,改良剂处理土壤生长的龙须草长势明显优于对照,地上部生物量均显著高于对照(P≤0.05),增产效果均>100%。4种改良剂缓解污染土壤中重金属对龙须草毒害作用的大小顺序为钙镁磷肥>碳酸钙>有机肥>海泡石。4种改良剂在不同处理浓度下对龙须草生物量和叶绿素含量的影响趋势表现出一定的相关性,其中随着碳酸钙处理浓度的增加,龙须草生物量和叶绿素含量呈下降趋势;其他3种改良剂随着处理浓度的升高,龙须草生物量呈上升趋势,而叶绿素含量则呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

悬浮液-流动注射-氢化发生原子荧光法测定沉积物中的Pb

研究了一种把悬浮液进样与氢化发生相结合原子荧光光谱法测定沉积物中Pb的方法。控制悬浮液的粒径在0.088mm以下,用磁力搅拌器搅拌以保证悬浮液分散均匀稳定,方法中以盐酸作介质,K3Fe(CN)6为氧化剂,采用水溶液标准作标准曲线测定了沉积物中的Pb,该法的线性范围为0～200μg/L,检出限为0.26μg/L,回收率为92%～107%,精密度小于6.5%。将此法用于标准物质的分析,测定值均在标准值范围之内,结果令人满意,具有实际应用价值。     

铁屑微电解法处理蓄电池生产中含铅酸废水

介绍铁屑微电解法处理蓄电池含铅废酸水的新工艺,经运行实践表明,该工艺对处理含铅废酸水,具有工艺简单可靠,处理稳定效率高,针对性强,经济效益明显,排放水水质达国家废水排放标准。     

氢化物发生原子荧光法测定钻井废水中的铅

目前测定铅的分析方法主要有分光光度法、阳极溶出伏安法、示波极谱法、原子吸收法等。针对比色法灵敏度低,试剂不稳定;电化学法干扰严重;而原子吸收法,线性范围窄,样品用量大等问题,江苏油田采用氢化物发生原子荧光法测定钻井废水中的铅。样品经HNO3-HClO4消解,3％～4％KBH4还原,以0.8％～1.5％的HCl为介质,加入10％K3Fe(CN)6和2％H2C2O4基体改进剂,用原子荧光法连续测定钻井废水中的铅。铅的检测限为0.61ng/mL,回收率为87.4％～146％,变异系数＜4.2％。该方法操作简单,灵敏度高。     

城市空气中铅在国槐树体内的积累

研究了山西省太原市、榆次市和太谷县城3个规模大小和污染程度不同的城市,主要街道两侧行道树国槐杖叶内铅内铅的含量．结果表明：国槐对街道污染空气中的铅有很强的吸收和富集作用．枝条内含铅量与街道上交通车辆密度呈正相关,最高含铅量区域在太原市火车站和五一广场一带从市区中心向郊外延伸空气污染强度减弱,国槐枝叶内含铅量也呈梯度降低趋势3个城市的国槐枝叶内含铅量与其污染强度相吻合一年四季国槐都能通过枝、叶吸收和积累铅污染物,但其含量与树木生理活动、生长周期密切相关     

Chemometric characterization of soil and plant pollution: Part 1: Multivariate data analysis and geostatistical determination of relationship and spatial structure of inorganic contaminants in soil

Geostatistical and multivariate methods of data analysis are used to describe patterns of soil pollution with inorganic contaminants in Celje County, Slovenia. Groups of contaminants and polluted sites were identified using cluster analysis and confirmed with multidimensional variance and discriminant analysis. Factor analysis yields an identification of not directly observable relationships between the contaminants. The spatial structure and distribution of contaminants were assessed by applying semivariogram analysis and kriging interpolation method. Zinc, Cd and Cu were identified as a pollutant emitted from the zinc smelter, Pb also from other sources, and Cr and Ni mostly from geological parent material.     

Lead in particulate deposits and in leaves of roadside plants, Karachi, Pakistan

Lead concentrations were determined for particulates which were deposited during one year on the leaves of roadside plants in Karachi. The particulates were collected from the leaves at a height of one metre. The lead accumulated by the leaves of different species was also measured. A statistically significant correlation was found between the number of passing petrol driven vehicles and the lead concentration in the deposits at different designated sites. However, no significant correlation was found between the concentration in the deposits and the lead accumulated by the leaves. A lead concentration of 30.00±6.6 ppm was recorded as the highest concentration in the particulate deposits, while maximum lead accumulated by the leaves was noted as 3.12±1.09 ppm.     

铅冶炼烟尘的物性分析及浸出性研究

采用XRF、XRD、激光粒度分析、DTA-TG、FTIR以及SEM-EDS等技术,对某铅冶炼厂烟尘（简称烟尘）进行了物性分析,并采用稀硫酸对烟尘进行了浸出性研究。分析结果表明：烟尘所含主要元素为Pb,Zn,Cd,Cl,S,As;烟尘是氧化物、硫酸盐、硅酸盐、硫化物和砷化物等物质的混合物,主要物相为ZnO,PbO,PbSO₄,CdO,CdS;烟尘颗粒大小不一,形状各异,多呈相互黏结或包裹状。实验结果表明：在ρ（硫酸）=120 g/L、浸出时间30 min、液固比（稀硫酸体积（mL）与烟尘质量（g）之比）20∶1、浸出温度60 ℃的条件下,Pb,Zn,Cd,As,Cl的浸出率分别达到0.16%,98.95%,49.36%,89.12%,99.31%。     

骨炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性

通过间歇实验研究了骨炭对重金属Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性。探讨了固液比、pH、离子强度、反应时间、温度及初始浓度等因素的影响。实验结果表明,pH与固液比显著影响去除率,温度与离子强度的影响较小。当温度为20℃,pH=2.5,Pb(Ⅱ)的初始浓度为200 mg/L,固液比为1 g/L时,最大去除率近100%。动力学实验结果表明,骨炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附为快速反应,在30 min内可达到平衡,准二级动力学模型可较好地拟合实验结果。等温吸附实验结果表明,Freundlich模型与Langmuir模型均可较好地拟合等温吸附实验结果。骨炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附机制主要为表面络合反应与分解置换-沉淀反应。     

铅同位素解析技术在工业园污染溯源中的应用

针对土壤中重金属污染溯源及解析不同污染源对土壤中铅的相对贡献率问题,以陕西西部某工业园区为例,采集土壤样品、铅锌冶炼厂矿石混合样、热电厂煤样及焦化厂混合煤样共40个,用ICP-MS测定样品的铅浓度及铅同位素比值(208Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、206Pb/204Pb).借助于铅同位素比值散点图来对比分析采样点土壤、背景点土壤和可能的污染源样品的铅同位素特征分布,判定其主要污染来源.用混合多元模型计算不同污染区域各污染源的贡献率,结果表明,土壤中的铅同位素比值落在铅锌矿石、炼焦用煤及热电燃煤及背景点的铅同位素比值之间,说明各端元介质均有可能对工业园区土壤中的铅污染有贡献.在铅同位素比值散点图中土壤铅浓度大于60 mg/kg的采样点的铅同位素比值集中落在热电燃煤与炼焦用煤附近.统计定量解析结果可知,对工业园区土壤铅污染的贡献大小依次为热电厂、焦化厂和铅锌冶炼厂.研究表明,铅同位素指纹解析技术用于定性与定量解析工业园区土壤铅污染效果较为理想.