湘西多金属矿区汞铅污染土壤的环境质量

以湘西典型多金属矿区为现场,研究了矿区土壤中汞、铅等重金属污染状况及成因.结果表明,湘西矿区是汞、铅污染严重的区域,与中国土壤元素背景值相比,汞矿区土壤中汞、铅含量分别增加1315倍和3.1倍,铅锌矿区土壤中汞、铅含量分别增加14.8倍和16.1倍.运用Muller地积指数进行风险评价,证实湘西矿区是汞、铅等重金属的复合污染区,汞矿区汞污染以极重污染为主,铅污染以中度和轻污染为主;铅锌矿区铅污染以中度和中-重污染为主,汞污染以中-重污染为主.矿区土壤中的重金属污染物来源和分布受原生地球化学条件的控制,而人为采矿活动对矿区土壤中汞、铅的污染格局产生重要影响.     

改性累托石对废液中Pb2+吸附研究

通过采用HCl、Na2CO3、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)、十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(1631)等试剂对天然累托石进行改性研究,并将改性后的累托石用于吸附废液中过量Pb2+。实验结果表明单独采用无机改性的效果明显好于单独使用有机改性的效果。考虑到采用无机改性后的累托石在溶液中的沉降性很差,不利于沉淀分离,故而采取无机-有机相结合的方法改性累托石。此法对Pb2+的去除率基本达到100%,吸附容量可达到8.31mg/g,并且吸附后的混合液很容易实现两相分离,有利于提高吸附效果。     

改良剂对铅锌尾矿污染土壤上龙须草生长和叶片叶绿素含量的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了4种改良剂对铅锌尾矿污染土壤中龙须草生长和叶片叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,改良剂处理土壤生长的龙须草长势明显优于对照,地上部生物量均显著高于对照(P≤0.05),增产效果均>100%。4种改良剂缓解污染土壤中重金属对龙须草毒害作用的大小顺序为钙镁磷肥>碳酸钙>有机肥>海泡石。4种改良剂在不同处理浓度下对龙须草生物量和叶绿素含量的影响趋势表现出一定的相关性,其中随着碳酸钙处理浓度的增加,龙须草生物量和叶绿素含量呈下降趋势;其他3种改良剂随着处理浓度的升高,龙须草生物量呈上升趋势,而叶绿素含量则呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

TOA-MIBK萃取火焰原子吸收法同时测定土壤及蔬菜中铅镉

用氢氟酸、硝酸、高氯酸消化土壤样品,干灰化法消解蔬菜样品,用相对TOA-MIBK系统萃取,火焰原子吸收光谱法在同一条件下测定土壤、蔬菜中的铅、镉。在选定条件下,测得土壤铅、镉的相对标准偏差分别为2．3％～4．4％和3．0％～4.3％,蔬菜铅、镉的相对标准偏差分别为2．9％～4．5％和2．6％～4．5％;土壤铅、镉的回收率分别为96％～104％和95％～101％,蔬菜铅、镉的回收率分别为93％～102％92％104％。由测定结果得出离公路越近,蔬菜、土壤铅、镉含量越高。     

Optimization of the removal of chromium and lead by Penicillium chrysogenum using 2k factorial experiments

This study aims to prepare a low-cost, environmentally friendly, and alternative, biosorbent to remove chromium Cr (III) and lead Pb (II) from polluted water and to find out the highest removal efficiencies using 2^k factorial experiments. The Cr (III) and Pb (II) tolerant fungal strain identified as Penicillium chrysogenum was isolated from ceramic industrial sludge. The impact of process variables on biosorption of Cr (III) and Pb (II) by P. chrysogenum was first evaluated with the Taguchi screening design. Factors and levels were determined to optimize Cr (III) and Pb (II) removal efficiency. According to this, five factors; initial concentration, pH, biosorbent dose, temperature, and inactivation methods were determined for both metals, each factor defined as a fixed factor with two levels. Optimization of the parameters affecting the removal process was determined by the Taguchi method and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios are calculated. The maximum removal efficiency (99.92%) was observed at pH 7, biosorbent 1 mg L^–1, inactivation with autoclaving, and at 20°C with an initial metal concentration of 50 mg L^–1 Cr (III). On the other hand, the maximum removal efficiency (98.99%) was observed at pH 4, biosorbent 5 mg L^–1, inactivation with autoclaving, and at 20°C with an initial metal concentration of 50 mg L^–1 Pb (II). Furthermore, metal ions removal by P. chrysogenum was also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The presence of functional groups on fungal cells of metal binding was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR).     

PbO2电极的改性及其在难降解有机废水电化学处理中的应用

电化学方法处理难降解有机废水是一种很有前途的技术,其应用的关键是开发出高效、稳定、低成本的电极材料.PbO2电极在工业领域具有广泛的应用基础,具有较高的析氧电势和电催化活性,被认为在电化学处理难降解有机废水方面有重要的应用前景.本文对PbO2电极制备方法与改性以及在难降解有机废水电化学处理中应用的研究成果和最新进展进行了综述,并对该研究领域今后的发展趋势进行了分析.     

Simultaneous adsorption of lead and cadmium on MnO2-loaded resin

MnO2-loaded D301 weak basic anion exchange resin has been used as adsorbent to simultaneously remove lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solution. The e ects of adsorbent dosage, solution pH and the coexistent ions on the adsorption were investigated. Experimental results showed that with the adsorbent dosage more than 0.6 g/L, both Pb2+ and Cd2+ were simultaneously removed at pH range 5–6. Except for HPO4 2??, the high concentration coexistent ions such as Na+, K+, Cl??, NO3??, SO4 2?? and HCO3??, showed no significant e ect on the removal e ciency of both Pb2+ and Cd2+ under the experimental conditions. The coexistence of Mg2+, Ca2+ caused the reduction of Cd2+ removal, but not for Pb2+. The adsorption equilibrium for Pb2+ and Cd2+ could be excellently described by the Langmuir isotherm model with R2 > 0.99. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 80.64 mg/g for Pb2+ and 21.45 mg/g for Cd2+. The adsorption processes followed the pseudo first-order kinetics model. MnO2-loaded D301 resin has been shown to have a potential to be used as an e ective adsorbent for simultaneous removal of lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solution.     

液液萃取气相色谱质谱法测定水中的四乙基铅

采用液液萃取前处理与气相色谱-质谱联用技术,初步建立了水中四乙基铅的检测方法。研究了不同萃取剂、pH、盐度、萃取时间等条件的选择对萃取效率的影响,其中萃取溶剂种类对萃取效率影响最显著。用所建立的方法测定长沙地表水和地下水实际样品中四乙基铅的含量,检测结果令人满意。检出限为0.03μg/L,相对标准偏差为2.6%~7.8%(n=6),加标回收率为88.0%~108%。     

外源铅化合物在土壤中的转化

通过培养试验,研究外源铅化合物在黑土、棕壤和草甸土中的转化.结果表明,Pb(NO₃)₂、PbO、Pb₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂和PbSO₄处理的土壤溶解态Pb含量在试验开始时较高,随后迅速降低,逐渐达到平衡状态.PbS处理下,溶解性变化异常可能与PbS氧化有关.不同铅化合物在黑土、棕壤和草甸土中的溶解性大小一致,Pb(NO₃)₂PbO,Pb₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂PbSO₄PbS,PbO和Pb₃(CO₃)₂(OH)2处理下土壤溶解态Pb含量没有显著性差异(P>0.01).与土壤混合90d后,大部分PbSO₄和PbS仍未溶解.pH值和PbS氧化是控制PbS溶解的主导因素.Pb(NO₃)₂、PbO和Pb₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂溶解性表现为棕壤>黑土>草甸土(P<0.01).Pb(NO₃)₂处理下Pb²⁺所占比例显著高于其他Pb处理(P<0.01).与土壤混合90d后,Pb(NO₃)₂和PbO处理下Pb²⁺所占比例可高达75.23%,这可能与土壤溶液pH值和DOC含量降低有关.     

炼焦煤中直接添加含铅锌冶金粉尘的焦炉煤气脱硫研究

将含铅锌冶金粉尘直接添加到炼焦煤中实现煤气脱硫的新技术，使得焦炉煤气脱硫不需要添加专门的脱硫设备成为可能，并可同时完成含铅锌冶金粉尘的回收利用。研究结果表明，在加入的冶金粉尘中的Zn和Pb的摩尔数与挥发出的硫的摩尔数之比大于1的条件下，煤气中的硫可以完全脱除，并且焦炭的质量与未加入含铅锌冶金粉尘的没有区别，焦炭的收得率没有降低。